Fig 1 shows a schematic illustration of the positions of the primers and TaqMan probe sequences used for detection of the mRNA encoding the PGC-1α isoforms.

<p>FL primers and TaqMan probe detect the previously described PGC-1-α1/-a, PGC-1-α-b and PGC-1-α-c. The NT primers and Taqman probe detect the previously described NT-PGC-1-α-a, NT-PGC-1-α-b and PGC-1-α-c. The PGC-1α-A primers detect the previously described PGC-1-α1/-a and NT-PGC-1-α-a. The PGC-1α-B primers detect the previously described PGC-1-α-b, NT-PGC-1-α4/-b and PGC-1-α2. The PGC-1α-C primers detect the previously described PGC-1-α-c, NT-PGC-1-α-c and PGC-1-α3.</p

Primer and probe sequences used for real-time PCR.

<p>Primer and probe sequences used for real-time PCR.</p

Plasma IL-6 and IL-10.

<p>Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 from whole body PGC-1α knockout (KO), muscle specific PGC-1α KO (MKO) and muscle specific PGC-1α overexpression (TG) mice and their respective littermate wild type (WT) mice, 2 hours after injection with either saline (Sal) as control or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Values are presented as means ± S.E. with n = 6–10 in each group, except WT of whole body KO strain injected with saline where n = 3, due to lack of blood.</p><p>*: Significantly different from Sal within given genotype, p<0.05.</p

mRNA expression in adipose tissue and liver from whole body PGC-1α KO mice.

<p>Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, TNFα converting enzyme (TACE), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, macrophage specific marker (F4/80) mRNA in adipose tissue and liver from whole body PGC-1α knockout (KO) and WT mice, 2 hours after injection with either saline (Sal) as control or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Values are presented as means ± S.E. with n = 10 in each group.</p><p>*: Significantly different from Sal within given genotype, p<0.05.</p

TNFα mRNA and protein content in quadriceps.

<p>Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α mRNA and protein in quadriceps muscle from whole body PGC-1α knockout (KO) (A,D), muscle specific PGC-1α KO (MKO) (B,E) and muscle specific PGC-1α overexpression (TG) mice (C,F) and their respective littermate wild type (WT) mice, 2 hours after injection with either saline (Sal) as control or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Values are presented as means ± S.E. with n = 10 in each group. *: Significantly different from Sal within given genotype, p<0.05. #: Significantly different from WT within given treatment, p<0.05.</p

Primer and Taqman probe sequences.

<p>Sequences for forward and reverse primers as well as Taqman probes used. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, TNFα converting enzyme (TACE), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), macrophage specific marker (F4/80).</p

Plasma TNFα.

<p>Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α from whole body PGC-1α knockout (KO) (A), muscle specific PGC-1α KO (MKO) (B) and muscle specific PGC-1α overexpression (TG) mice (C) and their respective littermate wild type (WT) mice, 2 hours after injection with either saline (Sal) as control or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Values are presented as means ± S.E. with n = 6–10 in each group, except WT of whole body KO strain injected with saline where n = 3, due to lack of blood. *: Significantly different from Sal within given genotype, p<0.05. #: Significantly different from WT within given treatment, p<0.05. Notice the bi-sected y-axis.</p

Representative blots.

<p>Representative blot of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α protein, phosphorylation of p65 protein (p65-p) and phosphorylation of p38 (p38-p) in quadriceps muscle from whole body PGC-1α knockout (KO), muscle specific PGC-1α KO (MKO) and muscle specific PGC-1α overexpression (TG) mice and their respective littermate wild type (WT) mice, 2 hours after injection with either saline (Sal) as control or lipopolysaccharide (LPS).</p

Lack of Skeletal Muscle IL-6 Affects Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activity at Rest and during Prolonged Exercise - Fig 3

<p><b>A)</b> AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) Thr172 phosphorylation and <b>B)</b> Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) phosphorylation in skeletal muscle from skeletal muscle specific IL-6 knockout (IL-6 MKO) and littermate floxed controls (Control) mice at rest and after 10, 60 or 120 min of exercise. Values are given as mean ± SE; n = 9–10. Phosphorylation levels are given in arbitrary units (AU). *: significantly different from rest within given genotype, P<0.05. #: significantly different from control within given time point, P<0.05. (*): Tendency to be significantly different from rest within given genotype, 0.05</p

PRDM16 mRNA content in iWAT and eWAT in response to acute exercise.

<p>Protein-containing PR (PRD1-BF-1-RIZ1 homologous) domain (PRDM) 16 mRNA content in iWAT (A) and eWAT (B) immediately after (0 h), 2 (2 h), 6 (6 h) and 10 (10 h) hours after an acute exercise bout and from rested (Rest) wildtype (WT) and whole body knockout (KO) mice. PRDM16 mRNA is normalized to single stranded (ss) DNA. Values are means±SE; n = 8. *: Significantly different from Rest within given genotype, P≤0.05. ^#: Significantly different from WT within given time point, P≤0.05.</p