Association between maternal educational level and TV viewing time trajectory.

<p>Results are based on generalized logistic mixed model and reflect the probability of watching TV ≥1 hour/day (based on 17805 measurements) in the first 9 years of children of low-, mid-low-, mid-high- and high-educated mother.</p

General characteristics of the study population (n = 3561).

<p>General characteristics of the study population (n = 3561).</p

Presence of alarming signs and symptoms.

<p>*Assumption: when not mentioned in the record, it is not present.</p>†<p>Percentage of N registered.</p

Correlation between alarming signs and symptoms (Pearson's correlation coefficient).

<p>Correlation between alarming signs and symptoms (Pearson's correlation coefficient).</p

Selection of eligible contacts for the study.

<p>Selection of eligible contacts for the study.</p

Frequency of combined presence of alarming signs and symptoms.

<p>Frequency of combined presence of alarming signs and symptoms.</p

Patient characteristics.

<p>* Absolute number (percentage).</p><p>^a Median (25–75 percentiles).</p><p>^{# ‘}Other’ includes secondary care and after telephone contact.</p><p>^{<b>^ ‘</b>}Urgent’ includes very urgent/ urgent; ‘Non-urgent’ includes standard/ non-urgent.</p><p>^{^^} Others includes for example. Influenza, chicken-pox, stomatitis.</p><p>Patient characteristics.</p

Performance of most commonly used MTS flowcharts.

<p>A) Percentages under-, over-, and correct triage; B) Diagnostic odds ratio’s.</p

Performance of most commonly used MTS discriminators.

<p>A) Percentages under-, over-, and correct triage; B) Diagnostic odds ratio’s.</p

Impact of a Clinical Decision Model for Febrile Children at Risk for Serious Bacterial Infections at the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>To assess the impact of a clinical decision model for febrile children at risk for serious bacterial infections (SBI) attending the emergency department (ED).</p><p>Methods</p><p>Randomized controlled trial with 439 febrile children, aged 1 month-16 years, attending the pediatric ED of a Dutch university hospital during 2010-2012. Febrile children were randomly assigned to the intervention (clinical decision model; n=219) or the control group (usual care; n=220). The clinical decision model included clinical symptoms, vital signs, and C-reactive protein and provided high/low-risks for “pneumonia” and “other SBI”. Nurses were guided by the intervention to initiate additional tests for high-risk children. The clinical decision model was evaluated by 1) area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic-curve (AUC) to indicate discriminative ability and 2) feasibility, to measure nurses’ compliance to model recommendations. Primary patient outcome was defined as correct SBI diagnoses. Secondary process outcomes were defined as length of stay; diagnostic tests; antibiotic treatment; hospital admission; revisits and medical costs.</p><p>Results</p><p>The decision model had good discriminative ability for both pneumonia (n=33; AUC 0.83 (95% CI 0.75-0.90)) and other SBI (n=22; AUC 0.81 (95% CI 0.72-0.90)). Compliance to model recommendations was high (86%). No differences in correct SBI determination were observed. Application of the clinical decision model resulted in less full-blood-counts (14% vs. 22%, p-value<0.05) and more urine-dipstick testing (71% vs. 61%, p-value<0.05).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>In contrast to our expectations no substantial impact on patient outcome was perceived. The clinical decision model preserved, however, good discriminatory ability to detect SBI, achieved good compliance among nurses and resulted in a more standardized diagnostic approach towards febrile children, with less full blood-counts and more rightfully urine-dipstick testing.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>Nederlands Trial Register <a href="http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2381" target="_blank">NTR2381</a></p></div