The Faragher and Ellerth Problem: Lower Courts\u27 Confusion Regarding the Definition of Supervisor

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 196419 broadly prohibits discrimination in employment, including discrimination based upon sex. Title VII provides that it is unlawful for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual\u27s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. \u27 The text of Title VII does not specifically mention either quid pro quo or hostile environment sexual harassment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, however, has issued a series of Title VII Interpretive Guidelines, which make clear that both forms of sexual harassment are actionable under the statute. Although the main purpose of Title VII is to prevent employers from discriminating against employees in the workplace, this Note will focus on the statute\u27s definitional section. Section 2000e(b) defines the term employer. The term employer means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such person. By including agents within the definition of employer, Congress expressly incorporated the principle of respondeat superior into the text of Title VII. Accordingly, a harasser need not necessarily be an owner or president of a company in order for the company to be legally responsible for sexual harassment

Motivated Misreporting in Smartphone Surveys

Filter questions are used to administer follow-up questions to eligible respondents while allowing respondents who are not eligible to skip those questions. Filter questions can be asked in either the interleafed or the grouped formats. In the interleafed format, the follow-ups are asked immediately after the filter question; in the grouped format, follow-ups are asked after the filter question block. Underreporting can occur in the interleafed format due to respondents’ desire to reduce the burden of the survey. This phenomenon is called motivated misreporting. Because smartphone surveys are more burdensome than web surveys completed on a computer or laptop, due to the smaller screen size, longer page loading times, and more distraction, we expect that motivated misreporting is more pronounced on smartphones. Furthermore, we expect that misreporting occurs not only in the filter questions themselves but also extends to data quality in the follow-up questions. We randomly assigned 3,517 respondents of a German online access panel to either the PC or the smartphone. Our results show that while both PC and smartphone respondents trigger fewer filter questions in the interleafed format than the grouped format, we did not find differences between PC and smartphone respondents regarding the number of triggered filter questions. However, smartphone respondents provide lower data quality in the follow-up questions, especially in the grouped format. We conclude with recommendations for web survey designers who intend to incorporate smartphone respondents in their surveys

Relevanz regionaler Aktivitäten für Hochschulen und das Wissenschaftssystem

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a resonant Raman study

We report resonant Raman scattering (RRS) by the TO, LO, and 2 LO modes of single wurtzite and zinc-blende GaAs nanowires. The optical band gap of wurtzite GaAs is 1.460eV ± 3meV at room temperature, and 35 ± 3meV larger than the GaAs zinc-blende band gap. Raman measurements using incoming light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the wire c axis allowed us to investigate the splitting of heavy Γ9 and light-hole Γ7 band at the Γ point of 65 ± 6meV