Tissue-specific insulin resistance indices and fasting plasma insulin as predictors of incident type 2 diabetes in the 5.9-years METSIM prospective study, Kuopio, Finland.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IR, insulin resistance.</p><p>HRs and their 95% CI were obtained from Cox regression analyses. HRs were calculated using standardized predictors (unit = one standard deviation). Individuals with type 1 diabetes (N = 25), type 2 diabetes (N = 763) or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes at baseline (N = 649) were excluded. A total of 558 individuals were diagnosed with incident type 2 diabetes during the 5.9 year follow-up, 8,191 participants remained non-diabetic. Bold font indicates statistical significance <i>P<</i>0.0125.</p><p><i>P</i>, unadjusted.</p><p><i>P</i>^a, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption and family history of type 2 diabetes.</p><p><i>P^b</i>, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, family history of type 2 diabetes and disposition index at baseline.</p><p><i>P</i>^c, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, family history of type 2 diabetes and glucose AUC at baseline.</p><p><i>P</i>^d adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, family history of type 2 diabetes, disposition index and glucose AUC at baseline.</p><p>*Matsuda IR was calculated as: 10/Matsuda ISI.</p><p>Disposition index was calculated as: Matsuda ISI×InsAUC_0–30/GluAUC_0–30.</p><p>Tissue-specific insulin resistance indices and fasting plasma insulin as predictors of incident type 2 diabetes in the 5.9-years METSIM prospective study, Kuopio, Finland.</p

Comparison of predictive ability of tissue-specific insulin resistance indices with fasting plasma insulin levels at baseline in predicting worsening of hyperglycemia at the 5.9-years METSIM follow-up study, Kuopio, Finland.

<p>Abbreviations: Beta, standardized regression coefficient; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; Glucose AUC, glucose area under the curve; 2hPG, 2-hour plasma glucose; IR, insulin resistance.</p><p>Beta was obtained from linear regression analysis. The difference between the standardized coefficients of IR indices and fasting insulin was tested using Fisheŕs r-to-z transformation. Individuals with type 1 diabetes (N = 25), with known type 2 diabetes (N = 763), newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes at baseline (N = 649) or diagnosed with diabetes between baseline and follow-up (N = 117) were excluded, N = 4,474 for FPG and 2hPG, and 4,450 for glucose AUC. Bold font indicates statistical significance <i>P</i><0.0125. <i>P</i>, unadjusted.</p><p>*Matsuda IR was calculated as: 10/Matsuda ISI.</p><p>Comparison of predictive ability of tissue-specific insulin resistance indices with fasting plasma insulin levels at baseline in predicting worsening of hyperglycemia at the 5.9-years METSIM follow-up study, Kuopio, Finland.</p

Observed mean HRQoL index values and fitted linear trends (95% CI) in relation to the FINDRISC scores.

<p>Linear trends were fitted to data using Tobit regression. The corresponding variance was estimated using a bootstrap procedure with 1,000 replications.*Adjusted for sex, employment and cohabiting. HRQoL: Health-related quality of life. FINDRISC: Finnish Diabetes Risk Score.</p

Marginal effects of FINDRISC items and other covariates on the SF-6D HRQoL index.

<p>Marginal effects of FINDRISC items and other covariates on the SF-6D HRQoL index.</p

The characteristics of the participants across the diabetes risk (FINDRISC) categories.

<p>The characteristics of the participants across the diabetes risk (FINDRISC) categories.</p

Mean observed HRQoL (15D) dimension values in relation to the FINDRISC score.

<p>Linear trends were fitted to data using ordinary least squares regression. The corresponding variance was estimated using a bootstrap procedure with 1,000 replications. HRQoL: Health-related quality of life. FINDRISC: Finnish Diabetes Risk Score.</p

Marginal effects of FINDRISC items and other covariates on the 15D HRQoL index.

<p>Marginal effects of FINDRISC items and other covariates on the 15D HRQoL index.</p

Association between baseline sterol levels and newly developed type 2 diabetes in a 5-year follow-up study.

<p>Cox regression analysis. Participants with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes at follow-up (N = 33) were compared to those with NGT/NFG and HbA1c <6.5% at baseline and follow-up examinations (N = 97). Diabetes diagnosis was defined as FPG ≥7.0mmol/l, 2hPG ≥11.1 mmol/l and/or HbA1c ≥6.5%. Individuals with previously diagnosed diabetes or with statin or ezetimibe treatment were excluded. Sterol levels are adjusted for total cholesterol and divided by 10. Bold types indicate statistical significance with <i>P</i>≤0.006.</p><p>P, unadjusted.</p><p>P* adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, and physical activity.</p><p>P^† adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, and physical activity and Matsuda ISI.</p><p>P^‡ adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, and physical activity and Matsuda ISI, InsulinAUC_0–30/GlucoseAUC_0–30, glucose AUC at baseline, and total triglycerides.</p

Partial correlations between sterol levels and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2-hour plasma glucose (2hPG), adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, and additionally for insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion.

<p>Individuals with previously diagnosed diabetes and on statin or ezetimibe treatment were excluded (N = 727–740). Bold types indicate statistical significance with <i>P</i>≤0.006.</p

Partial correlations of sterol levels indicating cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol absorption with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion adjusted for age, BMI, smoking and physical activity.

<p>Individuals with previously diagnosed diabetes or on statin or ezetimibe treatment were excluded (N = 728–730). Bold types indicate statistical significance with <i>P</i>≤0.006.</p