Cycling, climate change and air pollution

Cycling is considered a healthy and sustainable form of getting from A to B. The net effects of the various forms of cycling and e-biking on mobility-related air pollutant emissions are complex. This chapter synthesizes research on the potential of cycling and e-biking to reduce (and contribute) to air pollutant emissions from mode shift away from motorized transport. Life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from production, use and end-of-life of active and motorized vehicles is used to compare the most common urban transport modes and determine whether cycling and e-biking reduce overall emissions or not. By doing so the Chapter provides a summary of research on cycling as a low carbon and clean mobility option in context of the climate emergency and the air quality crisis in cities

Long-term survival after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for patients with peritoneal metastases of urachal cancer

Introduction: Urachal adenocarcinoma (UrAC) is a rare malignancy arising from persistent urachal remnants, which can cause peritoneal metastases (PM). Currently, patients with this stage UrAC are considered beyond cure. Our objective is to report long-term oncological outcome after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for patients with PM of urachal adenocarcinoma (UrAC). Materials and methods: We identified 55 patients with UrAC treated at our hospital between 1994 and 2017. Patients were staged with CT, bone scintigraphy and/or PET/CT. From 2001 on, cN0M0 patients underwent staging laparoscopy. Ten patients had PM and were treated with CRS/HIPEC; 35 showed no metastases and underwent local treatment; 10 had distant metastases and received palliative chemotherapy. Disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests. Postoperative complications represent a secondary outcome. Results: The median follow-up was 96.8 months. Of the CRS/HIPEC patients, 5 (50%) developed a recurrence; 4 (40%) died of disease. The 2-yr and 5-yr DSS after CRS/HIPEC were 66.7% and 55.6%, respectively. DSS of the CRS/HIPEC patients did not significantly differ from DSS of patients without metastases who only underwent curative local treatment and was superior to patients with distant metastases (P = 0.012). The overall complication rate after CRS/HIPEC was 60%. Major complications (Clavien 3) constituted 20%. The study is limited by its retrospective nature and the small sample size. Conclusion: CRS/HIPEC demonstrates satisfactory long-term oncological outcome for patients with PM of UrAC. It may be offered as a potentially curative treatment option for this group of patients