English Language Proficiency Achievement in 180 Hours Among 2006 Batch at Universitas Advent Indonesia

Nowadays, English is an official language around the world. Many people have problem forcommunicating because they do not know English. To exceed the problem, it is important tostudy English more and take Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) because it canhelp them to develop their English ability.The objective of this study is to contribute to this discussion by examining: If there is anysignificant difference in achievement of English language proficiency of the participantsafter taking English for 180 hours during six semesters.The participants were 63 young adult, they were 2006 batch enrolled in Universitas AdventIndonesia. The participants of this study have taken English Entrance Exam (E3in) in the firstsemester and English Exit Exam (E3exit) in the 6th semester.This research obtained the data as follows: X (E3in) as pre-test=63, Y (E3exit) as post-test=63.The means of pre-test was 353.65 with mean standard deviation was 24.488 and with meanstandard error was 3.085. And after the treatments, the mean of post-test was 443.83 with meanstandard deviation was 32.001 and with mean standard error was 4.032. The mean gain scorebetween the two tests was 90.17. This result was supported by t-counted result was 2.636 andt-table result was 1.671. It means that t-counted > t-table. Thus, Ha is accepted, that there is asignificant difference of achievement in English language proficiency after taking English for180 hours during six semesters

3D genome organization during lymphocyte development and activation

Chromosomes have a complex three-dimensional (3D) architecture comprising A/B compartments, topologically associating domains and promoter-enhancer interactions. At all these levels, the 3D genome has functional consequences for gene transcription and therefore for cellular identity. The development and activation of lymphocytes involves strict control of gene expression by transcription factors (TFs) operating in a three-dimensionally organized chromatin landscape. As lymphocytes are indispensable for tissue homeostasis and pathogen defense, and aberrant lymphocyte activity is involved in a wide range of human morbidities, acquiring an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control lymphocyte identity is highly relevant. Here we review current knowledge of the interplay between 3D genome organization and transcriptional control during B and T lymphocyte development and antigen-dependent activation, placing special emphasis on the role of TFs

Non-small cell lung cancer with a single metastasis, the new stage M1b; does the site matter?

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with a solitary metastasis are considered to have a more favourable prognosis compared to those with multiple metastases. This is also shown in the 8th tumor, node, metastases edition for lung cancer (TNM8): patients with M1b (single extrapulmonary metastasis) have a superior prognosis than those with M1c disease (multiple metastases). Although not described in the TNM8, site of single metastatic disease may reflect tumour biology and may be of important prognostic value. We report a case of a patient with squamous cell NSCLC and a single skeletal muscle metastasis with a remarkably aggressive disease course

Cancer cells under immune attack acquire CD47-mediated adaptive immune resistance independent of the myeloid CD47-SIRP alpha axis

Cancer cells exploit CD47 overexpression to inhibit phagocytic elimination and neoantigen processing via the myeloid CD47-SIRPα axis and thereby indirectly evade adaptive T cell immunity. Here, we report on a hitherto unrecognized direct immunoinhibitory feature of cancer cell-expressed CD47. We uncovered that in response to IFNγ released during cognate T cell immune attack, cancer cells dynamically enhance CD47 cell surface expression, which coincides with acquiring adaptive immune resistance toward pro-apoptotic effector T cell mechanisms. Indeed, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated CD47-knockout rendered cancer cells more sensitive to cognate T cell immune attack. Subsequently, we developed a cancer-directed strategy to selectively overcome CD47-mediated adaptive immune resistance using bispecific antibody (bsAb) CD47xEGFR-IgG2s that was engineered to induce rapid and prolonged cancer cell surface displacement of CD47 by internalization. Treatment of CD47(pos) cancer cells with bsAb CD47xEGFR-IgG2s potently enhanced susceptibility to cognate CD8(pos) T cells. Targeting CD47-mediated adaptive immune resistance may open up new avenues in cancer immunotherapy

Mapping trends in insecticide resistance phenotypes in African malaria vectors

Mitigating the threat of insecticide resistance in African malaria vector populations requires comprehensive information about where resistance occurs, to what degree, and how this has changed over time. Estimating these trends is complicated by the sparse, heterogeneous distribution of observations of resistance phenotypes in field populations. We use 6,423 observations of the prevalence of resistance to the most important vector control insecticides to inform a Bayesian geostatistical ensemble modelling approach, generating fine-scale predictive maps of resistance phenotypes in mosquitoes from the Anopheles gambiae complex across Africa. Our models are informed by a suite of 111 predictor variables describing potential drivers of selection for resistance. Our maps show alarming increases in the prevalence of resistance to pyrethroids and DDT across sub-Saharan Africa from 2005 to 2017, with mean mortality following insecticide exposure declining from almost 100% to less than 30% in some areas, as well as substantial spatial variation in resistance trends

Universal screening or a universal risk assessment combined with risk-based screening for multidrug-resistant microorganisms upon admission:Comparing strategies

OBJECTIVE: Timely identification of patients who carry multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDRO) is needed to prevent nosocomial spread to other patients and to the hospital environment. We aimed to compare the yield of a universal screening strategy upon admission to the currently installed universal risk assessment combined with risk-based screening upon admission. METHODS: This observational study was conducted within a prospective cohort study. From January 1, 2018, until September 1, 2019, patients admitted to our hospital were asked to participate. Nasal and perianal samples were taken upon admission and checked for the presence of MDRO. The results of the universal risk assessment and risk-based screening were collected retrospectively from electronic health records. RESULTS: In total, 1017 patients with 1069 separate hospital admissions participated in the study. Universal screening identified 38 (3.6%) unknown MDRO carriers upon admission (37 individual patients), all carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales. For 946 of 1069 (88.5%) patients, both the universal risk assessment and universal screening were performed. For 19 (2.0%) admissions, ≥1 risk factor was identified. The universal risk assessment identified one (0.1%) unknown carrier, compared to 37 out of 946 carriers for the universal screening (P&lt;0.001). Of the 37 carriers identified through the universal screening, 35 (94.6%) reported no risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that in our low endemic setting, a universal screening strategy identified significantly more MDRO carriers than the currently implemented universal risk-assessment. When implementing a universal risk-assessment, risk factors should be carefully selected to be able to identify ESBL-E carriers. While the universal screening identified more MDRO carriers, further research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of this strategy.</p

Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the elderly: Patient characteristics predictive for tolerance and survival of chemoradiation in daily clinical practice

Background: In unselected elderly with stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), evidence is scarce regarding motives and effects of treatment modalities. Methods: Hospital-based multicenter retrospective study including unresectable stage III NSCLC patients aged >= 70 and diagnosed between 2009 and 2013 (N = 216). Treatment motives and tolerance (no unplanned hospitalizations and completion of treatment), and survival were derived from medical records and the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Results: Patients received concurrent chemoradiation (cCHRT, 33%), sequential chemoradiation (sCHRT, 24%), radical radiotherapy (RT, 16%) or no curative treatment (27%). Comorbidity, performance status (58%) and patient refusal (15%) were the most common motives for omitting cCHRT. Treatment tolerance for cCHRT and sCHRT was worse in case of severe comorbidity (OR 6.2 (95%Cl 1.6-24) and OR 6.4 (95%CI 1.8-22), respectively). One-year survival was 57%, 50%, 49% and 26% for cCHRT, sCHRT, RT and no curative treatment, respectively. Compared to cCHRT, survival was worse for no curative treatment (P = 0.000), but not significantly worse for sCHRT and RT (P = 0.38). Conclusion: Although relatively fit elderly were assigned to cCHRT, treatment tolerance was worse, especially for those with severe comorbidity. Survival seemed not significantly better as compared to sCHRT or RT. Prospective studies in this vital and understudied area are needed