Automated precolumn derivatization procedures in HPLC for biomedical and clinical applications

This thesis describes three automated precolumn derivatization procedures for the analysis of carboxylic group-containing compounds. After derivatization with a suitable label, the derivatives are separated on reversed-phashed HPLC and detected by fluorescence. ... Zie: Summar

What Happens When Payments for Conservation Stop?

https://scholarworks.seattleu.edu/fss-2019/1001/thumbnail.jp

An open tool for creating battery-electric vehicle time series from empirical data -- emobpy

There is substantial research interest in how future fleets of battery-electric vehicles will interact with the power sector. To this end, various types of energy models depend on meaningful input parameters, in particular time series of vehicle mobility, driving electricity consumption, grid availability, or grid electricity demand. As the availability of such data is highly limited, we introduce the open-source tool emobpy. Based on mobility statistics, physical properties of vehicles, and other customizable assumptions, it derives time series data that can readily be used in a wide range of model applications. For an illustration, we create and characterize 200 battery-electric vehicle profiles for Germany. Depending on the hour of the day, a fleet of one million vehicles has a median grid availability between 5 and 7 gigawatts, as vehicles are parking most of the time. Four exemplary grid electricity demand time series illustrate the smoothing effect of balanced charging strategies

Pulsed Power Discharges in Water

An Electrohydraulic Discharge Process (EHD) for the treatment of hazardous chemical wastes in water has been developed. Liquid waste in 4 L EHD reactor is directly exposed to high-energy pulsed electrical discharges between two submerged electrodes. The high-temperature (>14,000 K) plasma channel created by an EHD discharge emits ultraviolet radiation, and produces an intense shock wave as it expands against the surrounding water. A simulation of the EHD process is presented along with experimental results. The simulation assumes a uniform plasma channel with a plasma that obeys the ideal gas law and the Spitzer conductivity law. The results agree with previously published data. The simulation is used to predict the total energy efficiency, energy partitioning, maximum plasma channel temperature and pressure for the Caltech Pulsed Power Facility (CPPF). The simulation shows that capacitance, initial voltage and gap length can be used to control the efficiency of the discharge. The oxidative degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), and 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT) in an EHD reactor was explored. The initial rates of degradation for the three substrates are described by a first-order rate equation, where k0 is the zero-order rate constant that accounts for direct photolysis; and k1 is the first-order term that accounts for oxidation in the plasma channel region. For 4-CP in the 4.0 L reactor, the values of these two rate constants are k0 = 0.73 ± 0.08 µM, and k1=(9.4 ± 1.4) x 10-4. For a 200 µM 4-CP solution this corresponds to an overall intrinsic zero-order rate constant of 0.022 M s-1, and a G-value of 4.45 x 10-3. Ozone increases the rate and extent of degradation of the substrates in the EHD reactor. Combined EHD/ozone treatment of a 160 µM TNT solution resulted in the complete degradation of TNT, and a 34% reduction of the total organic carbon (TOC). The intrinsic initial rate constant of TNT degradation was 0.024 M s-1. The results of these experiments demonstrate the potential application of the EHD process for the treatment of hazardous wastes.</p

Ein Modell zur Erklärung alltagskulturellen Wandels: das Beispiel deutsche Vereinigung und die Entwicklung des Rechtsextremismus in den neuen Bundesländern

Ein allgemeines Modell zur Erklärung des Wandels in der Alltagskultur wird vorgestellt und auf den Wandel der politischen Kultur am Beispiel der Entstehung des Rechtsextremismus angewendet. Dabei wird von P. Bourdieu ein Achsensystem zur Beschreibung gesellschaftlicher Positionen und von N. Elias die Vorstellung übernommen, dass sich Verhaltensnormen von den Eliten her in einer Gesellschaft ausbreiten, weil Menschen meinen, ihr Prestige steigern zu können, indem sie das Verhalten von Personen übernehmen, die sie als mit mehr Prestige ausgestattet wahrnehmen. Das zwingt die Eliten dazu, immer neue Verhaltensweisen zu entwickeln, um ihre hervorgehobene Stellung zu bewahren. Weil die neuen Verhaltensweisen wieder von aufstrebenden Schichten übernommen werden, entsteht beständig alltagskultureller Wandel, auch der Wandel der politischen Kultur. Auf diese Weise kann sich von den Eliten her ein Rechtsextremismus der gesamten Gesellschaft entwickeln. Subkultureller Rechtsextremismus wird im Modell - wiederum gestützt auf Elias - durch Aufstiegsblockade erklärt: Wenn Menschen den Eindruck gewinnen, dass die Übernahme von Verhaltensweisen zu keiner Prestigesteigerung führt, hören sie auf, sich an den höheren Schichten zu orientieren. Stattdessen setzen sie eine polemisch übersteigerte Gegenkultur gegen die Elitenkultur, von der sie sich ausgeschlossen fühlen. Dieser Erklärungsversuch wird anderen Erklärungsansätzen für den wachsenden Rechtsextremismus in Ostdeutschland gegenübergestellt.A model is being presented to explain changes in everyday culture and to explain the development of right wing extremism in political culture. From Bourdieu (1987) the dimensions to describe prestige-positions of persons were taken, from Elias (1980) the assumption that people in order to improve their standing in society tend to adopt the behaviour of persons who they perceive as having more prestige than themselves. For the elites this creates the necessity to develop new behavioural norms to continue to distinguish themselves from the groups trying to emulate them. The elites can invent new behaviours or adopt them from foreign elites or from avantgardes. These new behaviours are again emulated by the lower strata of society creating a continual stream of change in everyday culture including political culture. According to the model rightwing extremism coming from the elites will spread to the whole of society. Subcultural rightwing extremism will evolve if a segment of society perceives no possibility of increasing its prestige by imitating the behaviour of higher strata. Then they develop a spiteful counterculture which denounces the values of the culture from which they feel excluded

Control by pulse parameters of electric field-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells

Wolf H, Rols MP, Boldt E, Neumann E, Teissie J. Control by pulse parameters of electric field-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells. Biophysical Journal. 1994;66(2):524-531.Electric field-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells (electrotransformation) depends on the pulsing conditions (field intensity, pulse duration, number of pulses). The effect of these parameters was systematically investigated using the transient expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and the beta-galactosidase activities in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Pulsing conditions inducing reversible permeabilization of the cell plasma membrane are not sufficient to induce gene transfer. The plasmid must be present during the electric pulse if it is to be transferred across the membrane into the cytoplasm. Only the localized part of the cell membrane brought to the permeabilized state by the external field is competent. Pulse duration plays a key role in the magnitude of the transfer. The field induces a complex reaction between the membrane and the plasmid that is accumulated at the cell interface by electrophoretic forces. This leads to an insertion of the plasmid, which can then cross the membrane

Initialization of quantum simulators by sympathetic cooling

Simulating computationally intractable many-body problems on a quantum simulator holds great potential to deliver insights into physical, chemical, and biological systems. While the implementation of Hamiltonian dynamics within a quantum simulator has already been demonstrated in many experiments, the problem of initialization of quantum simulators to a suitable quantum state has hitherto remained mostly unsolved. Here, we show that already a single dissipatively driven auxiliary particle can efficiently prepare the quantum simulator in a low-energy state of largely arbitrary Hamiltonians. We demonstrate the scalability of our approach and show that it is robust against unwanted sources of decoherence. While our initialization protocol is largely independent of the physical realization of the simulation device, we provide an implementation example for a trapped ion quantum simulator