Debates Over Right to Withdraw from Religious Education in England

Religious education which is among mandatory subjects in primary and secondary schools in England, has also the right of withdrawal. Parents can withdraw their children from religious education wholly or partially without giving a reason. However, this right has recently become a matter of debate. As the right of withdrawal is a contentious issue in Turkey, the article explores the debates in England to see how these debates are taken place in other countries. Reports, and news about these debates and recent reports on religious education were analysed. It is found that although some demand the removal immediately, the majority expects some reforms in religious education before the removal. However, there is no consensus on how and to what end religious education should be reformed. Moreover, Religious Education Commission report which is the most extensive report on religious education in recent years opted for the preservation of the right of withdrawal. The article considers the context within which these debates occur in England and whether it is possible to abolish the right of withdrawal from practical, political and human rights' point of view.https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.48802

UNIMPORTANCE ATTACHED TO RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN STATE SCHOOLS IN ENGLAND AND ITS REASONS ACCORDING TO STAKEHOLDERS

This article explores the unimportance attached to religious education, which is among compulsory subjects in state schools in England, and the reasons behind it according to stakeholders. Religious education policies and approaches developed in England are sometimes presented as models to other countries including Turkey. However, the importance shown to religious education after years of implementation of these policies and approaches has not been explored much in Turkish religious education literature. In order to explore the issue, interviews were conducted with religious education stakeholders in England and related studies were examined. Interviews and related studies reveal that religious education in England has been treated as a minor subject. On the one hand the subject has been marginalised. On the other hand, even those who normally consider religious education as an important subject have been alienated from religious education in state schools due to religious education policies and approaches. Internal problems such as poor provision and unclear purpose and problems such as exclusionist policies and distancing from 'religious' education seemed to be contributory factors. Moreover, insufficient support due to general education policies and external problems like secularisation and materialism also seemed to contribute to this result. These findings should be taken into account in order to better understand religious education policies and approaches applied in England.https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.47750

Evaluation of Physicochemical, Nutritional and Sensory Properties of the Wet Tarhana

The wet tarhana is a fermented product that prepared with wheat flour, yogurt, tarhana herb (Echiophora sibthorpiana)  and some chopped vegetables and spices. The basic difference of wet tarhana from other tarhana types is that it is prepared without a drying step. During its spontaneous fermentation process about 10 days, yogurt bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) produce several organic acids such as lactic acid and some other organic compounds. The ingredients and long fermentation process gain characteristic flavor and unique taste to the tarhana. Tarhana is similar to sourdough due to its' long spontaneous fermentation time. The aim of the study was to investigate physicochemical, nutritional and microbiological properties of wet tarhana, and to evaluate the relationships between them. For this purpose, wet tarhana samples were collected from different districts, and some physicochemical properties (pH, total acidity, dry matter, fat, and soluble ash content), antioxidant activity, phytic acid content, bioavailability, viscosity and counts of microbiota were performed. The results showed that the level of mineral digestibility was ranged from 67.22% to 88.88%, and a negative correlation was determined between mineral bioavailability and phytic acid content. The vitality of the microbiota especially lactic acid bacteria maintained during the storage period. Moreover, tarhana soups were prepared with the samples and their viscosity and sensory assessment were performed. Although the wet tarhana and soup samples had different viscosities initially, all the samples indicated pseudoplastic flow behavior. Furthermore, it was determined that the physicochemical properties of the samples affected the preference of the panelists in terms of sensorial assessment. Keywords: tarhana, fermented products, bioavailability, viscosity DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/83-0

Higher Religious Education at Public Universities in Malaysia and Turkey: A Comparative Study

Higher religious education institutions, like other fields, operate within the universities today. While countries establish and develop their own institutions according to their history, society and state, the experience and knowledge of similar institutions in other countries is vital for the development of the universities. Comparative studies can make significant contributions in this regard. Therefore, this article aims to compare higher religious education at public universities in Malaysia and Turkey in terms of six themes: history, current situation, aims, programme structure, student admission and graduate employability. Malaysia and Turkey represent two strikingly different countries in terms of the state’s relationship with religion and the religious composition of society even though they both have a Muslim majority population. This is a qualitative, literature-based study which employs document analysis. Official documents, academic articles and internet sources are used as references to examine and present information about higher religious education in both countries. The findings of the article are as follows: The development of higher religious education in Turkey has been intermittent and is closely related to the politics of religion, as the major political changes have had an impact on higher religious education. In contrast, the development of higher religious education has been steadier in Malaysia. Even though the politics of religion and electoral calculations of political parties have influenced higher Islamic education in Malaysia, this has not at least resulted in their closures or dramatic decreases in their numbers. Currently, higher religious education is thriving in both countries, but more rapidly (at least quantitively) in Turkey than in Malaysia. Regarding the aims of higher religious education, there are direct references to Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama‘ah and raising practising Muslims in Malaysia, where the aims and programme outcomes are determined by a national agency. Historically, the official mission statements of theology faculties in Turkey were more inclined towards modern aims/concepts, partly to legitimise the place of theology in a secular university. However, in recent years, there has been a tendency towards overtly Islamic values and concepts. However, due to the lack of a national agency which defines the aims of theology/Islamic sciences faculties, the official mission and vision statements seem patchy and vague, but the accreditation process might lead to more common and unified aims and programme outcomes. In Turkey, higher religious education officially does not adopt any branch of Islam, as opposed to Malaysia, which might be an opportunity for becoming more accommodative and integrative in a modern society which is marked by plurality and diversity. There are different higher religious education programmes in Malaysia, which has sought to integrate Islamic knowledge with professional one. This has resulted in the introduction of multi and cross-disciplinary programmes and specializations. The graduates of these programmes, in turn, can work in very different professions from security to finance and from judiciary to religious services. Multi and cross-disciplinary programmes are currently unavailable in Turkey, as higher religious education faculties only offer a single programme. Another important difference between the two countries is the process of student admission. While there are different post-secondary education/examination systems in Malaysia, in Turkey there is a national university entrance exam. Despite the different examination systems, in Malaysia students need to have a solid background in Islamic education, Arabic and English in order to enrol on Islamic Studies programmes; whereas in Turkey there are just few questions regarding religious education in the university entrance exam; therefore, no background in religious education, Arabic or English is necessary. Even though this can provide an opportunity for those who do not have any Islamic education background, there are problems that theology/Islamic sciences faculties have to start from the basics, such as teaching how to read the Qur’an. Finally, in both countries the employability of higher religious education graduates seems one of the most pressing issues, but this issue is more prevalent in Turkey than in Malaysia

Malondialdehyde levels and total antioxidant capacity in the dental follicles of the asymptomatic impacted third molars

Objectives: Malondialdehyde (MDA), is one of many low molecular weight end products of lipid peroxidation (LPO), increases in oxidative stress. Antioxidants such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) have a protective effect against reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study is to examine the development of the antioxidant defense mechanism in dental follicles (DF) of radiologically asymptomatic impacted third molars (ITM) by using MDA and TAC.Materials and Methods: This study involved 40 DF of 40 patients referred for clinically and radiographically asymptomatic ITM. 40 healthy gingival tissues in the same patients obtained during surgical removal of teeth as a control group. This study involved DF widths on periapical radiographs narrower than 2.5 mm were included in the study. All of tissues samples were analyzed for MDA and TAC.Results: Levels of the MDA and TAC in DF were significantly higher than the levels of MDA and TAC provided from healthy gingival tissues of the same patients (p<0.05).Conclusions: The results of our study showed that an important antioxidant defense mechanism may also occur in DFs of asymptomatic ITM. In the light of these preliminary findings of the presented study, supplementary studies should be undertaken to establish the differences between inflammation affecting the DF and clinical outcomes

Sigara içen ve içmeyen krnik periodontitisli hastalarda başlangıç periodontal tedavinin dişeti oluğu sıvısı, tükürük ve serumdaki oksidatif stres belirteçleri üzerine etkisi

Tez (Doktora) -- Kırıkkale Üniversitesi89960

A comparative study of religious education policy in Turkey and England

It has long been recognised that education policy has been questioned, critiqued and reformed in response to a variety of supranational and national factors. In the field of religious education, there has been a growing argument for comparative works to study this relationship between wider factors and religious education policy. This thesis seeks to present a comparison of religious education policy in state schools in two strikingly different countries, Turkey and England, by interviewing various policy actors, to unravel some of the complexities and contestations around supranational and national factors and their influence on religious education policy. The thesis reveals that wider factors have explicitly and implicitly shaped religious education policy by constituting a significant milieu that has constrained and enabled policy actors. Yet, the thesis also suggests that religious education policy can be better understood through a conflict theory lens, because policy actors have responded to and interpreted wider factors and their influence on religious education policy widely and contradictorily, reflecting their deeply held worldviews and values. Furthermore, in the context of the collision of wider factors and rival policy actors, religious education has tended to converge on common problems such as confusion, marginalisation, accusations and on endless reform actions and discussion. The thesis suggests that there is a need for sensitising for plurality across and within societies and a need for more open and plural religious education policies. The findings of this thesis give insights into how different policy actors view and interpret supranational and national factors and their influence on religious education policy. The findings have relevance for debates about the role of religion in education within plural societies.</p

Country report: Turkey

https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2019.153222

Controlling communication via telecommunication in terms of articles at Turkish Criminal Law

YÖK Tez ID: 261322Bu çalışmada ?Türk Ceza Hukuku açısından telekomünikasyon yoluyla yapılan iletişimin denetlenmesi? kurumu incelenecektir. Bu tedbirlerin uygulanması, özellikle kişilerin özel hayatlarına bir müdahale teşkil ettiğinden, öncelikle ?özel hayat? kavramı, doktrin, ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuat ışığında ortaya konulduktan sonra, temel hak ve hürriyetlerin sınırlandırılması rejimi ele alınacak ve nihayetinde kişiler arasındaki haberleşmenin denetlenmesi müessesesi incelenecektir.Çalışmamızı, telekomünikasyon yoluyla yapılan iletişimin denetlenmesi ile sınırlandırdık. Bu yüzden, kişilerin birbirleriyle klasik posta araçları vasıtasıyla yaptıkları iletişime müdahale, inceleme dışında kalacaktır.2005 yılında yeni Ceza Muhakemesi Kanununun yürürlüğe girmesinden sonra hukukumuzda, adli amaçlı ve önleme amaçlı olmak üzere iki çeşit iletişimin denetlenmesi sistemi mevcut olup çalışmamızda her iki çeşidi de incelenecektir.Adli amaçlı iletişimin denetlenmesi Ceza Muhakemesi Kanununun 135. maddesinde yer almış ve bunun yanında önleme amaçlı iletişimin denetlenmesi 5397 sayılı yasa ile düzenlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda her iki yasal düzenleme göz önünde tutulacak ve bu iki yasal düzenlemenin AİHM'nin içtihatlarına uygun olup olmadığı da incelenecektir.Son bölümde iletişimin denetlenmesi tedbirlerinin uygulanması sırasında karşılaşılan hatalı uygulamalar ele alındıktan sonra genel bir değerlendirme ile tez çalışması sona erdirilecektir.In this research, controlling communication via telecommunication in terms of articles at Turkish Criminal Law will be examined. Since the implementation of these measures constitutes a violation of the right to respect for the private life, in this thesis first of all, the concept of privacy will be discussed in the light of doctrines, national and international law. Secondly, we will examine the restrictions on fundamental rights and freedoms and lastly the control of communication among people will be discussed.Our research targets basically the interception of communication in the course of its transmission via telecommunications system; therefore other forms of communication via a postal service or any other related services would be outside of the scope of the research.After the implementation of new Turkish Criminal Procedure Code in 2005, there have been two systems regulating the interception of communication called as ?judicial interception? and ?preventive interception?. In this research, both of them will be examined more in detail.While the article of 135 of Turkish Criminal Procedure Code establishes the legal frame of controlling communication for judicial reasons, interception of communication in respect to preventive aim is organised under the new law of 5397. These two legal arrangements will be taken into consideration in our research. In additional, we will also analyze their conformity with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.After analyzing bad practices resulting from faulty application of measures concerning the control of communication in the last chapter, we will conclude our study by developing a general evaluation

Türk Ceza Hukuku açısından telekomünikasyon yoluyla yapılan iletişimin denetlenmesi

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Kırıkkale Üniversitesi78526