Treeline soil warming does not affect soil methane fluxes and the spatial micro-distribution of methanotrophic bacteria

The impact of a warmer climate on CH4 fluxes from soils is highly uncertain, because soil warming may affect methanotrophic bacteria in two opposed ways: CH4 assimilation in soils might be increased by the decreasing soil moisture often associated with soil warming. In contrast, CH4 oxidation might be suppressed by higher concentrations in warmed soils resulting from an accelerated nitrogen mineralization. We investigated effects of soil warming on soil-atmosphere CH4 fluxes in the last two years of a six-year long field experiment at a Swiss alpine treeline. Specifically, we measured CH4 fluxes using static chambers, and characterized N cycling by quantifying soil N2O emissions and and concentrations. We further labeled intact soil cores with and traced the labeled bacteria using an auto-radiographic technique to study the potential warming-related changes in the micro-distribution of methanotrophic bacteria within the soils. Our results did not show a significant effect of soil warming on net CH4 fluxes after five and six years of soil warming. In general, soils were a net sink for CH4 but CH4 emissions were observed occasionally. One reason for the unaltered CH4 fluxes might be the negligible warming effects on soil water contents in the treeline environment with frequent rainfalls. In the warmed soils, soil moisture was lower in the litter layer, but not deeper in the soils. Therefore, soil warming did not affect gas transport rates into deeper soil layers where methanotrophic bacteria were located. Another reason might be the general absence of substantial warming effects on mineral N, with concentrations being marginally significantly higher in warmed soils only in ion exchange resin bags (P < 0.1) but not in soil extracts. Auto-radiographic image analysis of soil cores revealed an overall heterogeneous 14C distribution and a warming-induced shift of methanotrophic bacteria toward the soil surface. The absence of responses of CH4 fluxes to warming in this alpine treeline ecosystem is likely related to the rather minimal changes in the putative drivers soil moisture and concentration

Planning culture and time in a mega-event: Thessaloniki as the European City of Culture in 1997

This paper addresses the growing importance of mega-events in urban cultural development, focusing on the atypical example of the European Cities of Culture, in particular Thessaloniki in 1997. The launch of the event demonstrates the significance of the international role of cultural activities in urban and economic regeneration. Comparison of the evaluation of Thessaloniki before and after the event demonstrates a lack of strategic planning, particularly cultural and time planning, resulting in a variety of interconnected problems such as the construction of flagship projects, the lack of a city marketing perspective and the need for a tourism policy. © 2005 Taylor & Francis