Diagnóstico em tempo real do estado nutricional de nitrogênio de cultura do alho livre de vírus

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Curso de Agronomia.Na cultura do alho, o manejo adequado do nitrogênio (N) é determinante para obtenção de altos rendimentos de bulbos. No entanto, este manejo pode ser auxiliado com o uso de um diagnóstico nutricional mais preciso. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso de tecnologias para avaliação em tempo real do estado nutricional de nitrogênio em plantas de alho livre de vírus submetidos a doses de N. O experimento foi conduzido em uma lavoura comercial em Fraiburgo-SC, em que testou-se num esquema fatorial 4x4x4, doses crescentes de N (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1) aplicadas no plantio, primeira cobertura (35 dias após o plantio) e segunda cobertura (após a diferenciação das plantas em bulbilhos), totalizando 64 tratamentos e três repetições. Como ferramentas de diagnóstico do estado nutricional de N nas plantas avaliou-se o uso do clorofilômetro e os teores de nitrato na solução do solo e no suco celular. Verificou-se que o aumento das doses de nitrogênio no plantio, na primeira e segunda cobertura, aumentou os teores relativos de clorofila da folha, assim como, os teores de nitrato no suco celular e na solução do solo. Conclui que o uso de ferramentas para diagnóstico do estado nutricional de N das plantas em tempo real, seja eles medidores de íons nitrato do suco celular ou da solução do solo, ou o uso do clorofilômetro, apresentam um grande potencial no monitoramento do estado nutricional de plantas de alhoThe suitable management of nitrogen for the garlic crop is determinant to get high yields of bulbs. However this management can be aided with the use of a nutritional diagnostic more accurately. The work objective was to evaluate the use of evaluation technologies at real time of the nutritional status of nitrogen of garlic plants free of virus submitted to nitrogen doses. The experiment was conducted on a commercial crop at Fraiburgo-SC, where was tested on a factorial scheme 4x4x4 increasing doses of nitrogen (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg ha-1). These doses were applied in three steps: planting, first covering (applied at 35 days after the planting) and the second covering (after the differentiation of plants to bulbils), totalizing 64 treatments with three replications. As diagnostic tools of the nutritional state of N was evaluated the use of chlorophyll meter and the nitrate levels in the soil solution and in the petiole sap. It was verified that the increase of the nitrogen doses in the first and second coverings increased the relative chlorophyll content of the leaf, as well as the nitrate levels in the petiole sap and in the soil solution. The use of tools to diagnose the nutritional status of N in plants in real time, whether nitrate ion meters of petiole sap or soil solution, or the use of chlorophyll, has great potential in monitoring the nutritional status of garlic plant

Virtual dielectric waveguide mode description of a high-gain free-electron laser I: Theory

A set of mode-coupled excitation equations for the slowly-growing amplitudes of dielectric waveguide eigenmodes is derived as a description of the electromagnetic signal field of a high-gain free-electron laser, or FEL, including the effects of longitudinal space-charge. This approach of describing the field basis set has notable advantages for FEL analysis in providing an efficient characterization of eigenmodes, and in allowing a clear connection to free-space propagation of the input (seeding) and output radiation. The formulation describes the entire evolution of the radiation wave through the linear gain regime, prior to the onset of saturation, with arbitrary initial conditions. By virtue of the flexibility in the expansion basis, this technique can be used to find the direct coupling and amplification of a particular mode. A simple transformation converts the derived coupled differential excitation equations into a set of coupled algebraic equations and yields a matrix determinant equation for the FEL eigenmodes. A quadratic index medium is used as a model dielectric waveguide to obtain an expression for the predicted spot size of the dominant system eigenmode, in the approximation that it is a single gaussian mode.Comment: 14 page

Women, Environments and Chronic Disease: Shifting the Gaze from Individual Level to Structural Factors

Introduction: Chronic heart and respiratory diseases are two of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality affecting women. Patterns of and disparities in chronic diseases between sub-populations of women suggest that there are social as well as individual level factors which enhance or impede the prevention or development of chronic respiratory and cardio- vascular diseases. By examining the sex, gender and diversity based dimensions of women’s lung and heart health and how these overlap with environmental factors we extend analysis of preventive health beyond the individual level. We demon- strate how biological, environmental and social factors interact and operate in women’s lives, structuring their opportunities for health and abilities to prevent or manage chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.Methods: This commentary is based on the findings from two evidence reviews, one conducted on women’s heart health, and another on women’s lung health. Additional literature was also reviewed which assessed the relationship between environmental factors and chronic heart and lung diseases. This paper explores how obesogenic environments, exposure to tobacco smoke, and the experience of living in deprived areas can affect women’s heart and respiratory health. We discuss the barriers which impede women’s ability to engage in physical activity, consume healthy foods, or avoid smoking, tobacco smoke, and other airborne contaminants.Results: Sex, gender and diversity clearly interact with environmental factors and shape women’s promotion of health and prevention of chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The environments women live in structure their opportunities for health, and women navigate these environments in unique ways based on gender, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity and other social factors.Discussion: Future research, policy and programs relating to the prevention of chronic disease need to move beyond linear individually-oriented models and address these complexities by developing frameworks and interventions which improve environmental conditions for all groups of women. Indeed, in order to improve women’s health, broad social and economic policies and initiatives are required to eliminate negative environmental impacts on women’s opportunities for health

Reshuffling and Relocating: The Gendered and Income-Related Differential Effects of Restricting Smoking Locations

This study investigates secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and management in the context of smoking location restrictions, for nonsmokers, former, and current smokers. A purposive sample of 47 low income and non-low-income men and women of varied smoking statuses was recruited to participate in a telephone interview or a focus group. Amidst general approval of increased restrictions there were gendered patterns of SHS exposure and management, and effects of SHS policies that reflect power, control, and social roles that need to be considered as policies are developed, implemented and monitored. The experience of smoking restrictions and the management of SHS is influenced by the social context (relationship with a partner, family member, or stranger), the space of exposure (public or private, worksite), the social location of individuals involved (gender, income), and differential tolerance to SHS. This confluence of factors creates differing unintended and unexpected consequences to the social and physical situations of male and female smokers, nonsmokers, and former smokers. These factors deserve further study, in the interests of informing the development of future interventions and policies restricting SHS

Minimum Spectral Bandwidth in Echo Seeded Free Electron Lasers

This paper examines the impact of non-linear longitudinal phase distortions on the spectral bandwidth in echo seeded free electron lasers (FELs). It extends the existing theory developed in Hemsing [1] for echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) to include finite laser pulse durations. An analytic expression for the shape of the optimized longitudinal bunching envelope is derived, and is used to determine the laser and electron beam pulse durations that minimize the seeded bandwidth in the presence of arbitrary phase distortions. The time-bandwidth product (TBP) is also derived, and is shown that the TBP and the bandwidth increase by no more than 2 from their transform-limited values when the bandwidth is minimized

Longitudinal dispersion of orbital angular momentum modes in high-gain free-electron lasers

The physical effects of optical mode dispersion in the electron beam of a free-electron laser are investigated for modes that carry orbital angular momentum. The analysis is performed using a derived equivalence between two different formulations that describe the radiation fields in the linear regime

Cold-Water Corals as Archives for Ocean Dynamics, Environmental Conditions and Glacial Reef Accumulation

Paleoceanographic reconstructions are fundamental for our understanding of past climate variabilities and have mainly focused on changes of circulation and environmental conditions in the surface or deep ocean. The thermocline (100 – 1000 m), acting as a link and buffer between the well-mixed warm surface and the slow and cold deep water, has been largely overlooked. In this study two cold-water coral (CWC) bearing cores from two depths in the thermocline of the southern Gulf of C´adiz (sGoC) were analysed in a mutli-proxy approach. U-series dated glacial CWCs were analysed for recorded Li/Mg temperatures, water mass 14C reservoir ages and radiogenic Nd isotope signatures (epsilonNd). For the first time, a CWC epsilonNd record was extended by two independent co-located hemipelagic sediment records. A seesaw pattern for the glacial sGoC intermediate waters alternating between predominant Eastern North Atlantic Central Water (ENACW) and Eastern Antarctic Intermediate Water (EAAIW) is proposed. Glacial ENACW and EAAIW both exhibited polar temperatures (~0°C) and more radiogenic epsilonNd signatures (~-9) than nowadays and were distinguishable by their reservoir ages, with better ventilated glacial ENACW than EAAIW. A compilation of existing CWC mound aggregation records allowed for a first estimate of initial CWC settlement in the ocean around 3.4Ma ago, coinciding with the mid-Pliocene warm period and the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Additionally, Ba isotopes (delta138/134Ba) recently introduced for seawater, was calibrated for the use in CWCs. This lays the foundation for the missing nutrient or surface biological productivity proxy in fossil CWCs