A New Hybrid Approach to OSPF Weight Setting Problem

Routing protocol is considered to be the backbone system (spinal cord) of any network. It helps in directing the data from the source towards the destination, using some unique best path selection algorithm. OSPF is considered to be one of the best routing protocols for intra - domain routing. It uses the shortest path algorithm in determining the best path for its routing process. The routing decision completely depends upon the weights (cost) assigned to each link by the network operator. A famous netwo rk device vendor Cisco calculates OSPF link weight as the inverse of the links bandwidth by default. It doesnt matter how one calculates the weight, unless the network capacity is used to its optimum level. It has been observed that the weight setting algorithm is not yet optimized to consider the projecte d demands. Thus, the quality of this routing protocol decision is still not reached to the peak as there is no optimal setting to re solve this issue. The paper addresses the weight setting problem and how it affects the routing decision. Furthermore, it st udies the present algorithms used to solve this issue and states their disadvantages. A new hybrid approach to currently used genetic algorithm is proposed. Demonstration of this proposed algorithm is prese nted through diagrams and flowcharts

Capnography as an aid in localizing the phrenic nerve in brachial plexus surgery. Technical note

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To determine whether monitoring end- tidal Carbon Dioxide (capnography) can be used to reliably identify the phrenic nerve during the supraclavicular exploration for brachial plexus injury.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Three consecutive patients with traction pan-brachial plexus injuries scheduled for neurotization were evaluated under an anesthetic protocol to allow intraoperative electrophysiology. Muscle relaxants were avoided, anaesthesia was induced with propofol and fentanyl and the airway was secured with an appropriate sized laryngeal mask airway. Routine monitoring included heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry and time capnography. The phrenic nerve was identified after blind bipolar electrical stimulation using a handheld bipolar nerve stimulator set at 2–4 mA. The capnographic wave form was observed by the neuroanesthetist and simultaneous diaphragmatic contraction was assessed by the surgical assistant. Both observers were blinded as to when the bipolar stimulating electrode was actually in use.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In all patients, the capnographic wave form revealed a notch at a stimulating amplitude of about 2–4 mA. This became progressively jagged with increasing current till diaphragmatic contraction could be palpated by the blinded surgical assistant at about 6–7 mA.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Capnography is a sensitive intraoperative test for localizing the phrenic nerve during the supraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus.</p

Estimating the Value of Online Smartphone Privacy

The research estimates the value of online Smartphone privacy using Statistical regression models. Evidences examine that consumers are forced to provide their personal information for some monetary benefits. The research targets the Smartphone application market because of its increasing privacy challenges in the current application environment. It discusses the reasons for the need of intense research in this endeavor. In depth analysis on each of the \u22privacy permissions\u22 that invoke consumer\u27s personal information is conducted. Results show that consumers value privacy so much that they are willing to pay $6.78 for concealing location information,$2.29 to restrict access to camera, $3.13 for concealing billing information, and$4.99 to conceal their browsing history. The consumers are also willing to pay $2.62 for the apps that provide them functionalities using their calendar information. Consumers value app rating so much that they are willing to pay$2.37 for an app having one rating higher, which implies that they are reluctant to try new apps with low rating

Comparative evaluation of propofol, sevoflurane and desflurane for neuroanaesthesia: A prospective randomised study in patients undergoing elective supratentorial craniotomy

Background and Aims: Both inhalational and intravenous anaesthetic agents are being used for neuroanaesthesia. Clinical trials comparing "propofol and sevoflurane" and "desflurane and sevoflurane" have been published. However, the comparison of all the three anaesthetics in neurosurgical patients has not been done. A randomised clinical study was carried out comparing propofol, sevoflurane and desflurane to find the ideal neuroanaesthetic agent. Methods: A total of 75 adult patients undergoing elective craniotomy for supratentorial tumours were included in the study. The patients were induced with morphine 0.1 mg/kg and thiopentone 4-6 mg/kg. Neuromuscular blockade was facilitated with vecuronium. The patients were randomised to receive propofol, sevoflurane or desflurane along with nitrous oxide in oxygen for maintenance of anaesthesia. The neuromuscular blockade was reversed following the surgery once the patients opened eyes or responded to verbal commands. The three anaesthetics were compared for their effects on haemodynamics, brain relaxation and emergence characteristics. Results: The mean arterial blood pressure during anaesthesia was comparable among the groups. The patients receiving sevoflurane had faster heart rates intraoperatively when compared to desflurane (P 0.05). The time to response to verbal commands were significantly prolonged with use of sevoflurane (8.0 ± 2.9 min) when compared to propofol (5.3 ± 2.9 min) and desflurane (5.2 ± 2.6 min) (P = 0.003). However, the time to emergence and the number of patients who had early emergence ( 0.05). The quality of emergence (coughing and emergence agitation), as well as postoperative complications, were also comparable among the three groups. Conclusions: All the three anaesthetic agents-propofol, sevoflurane and desflurane appear comparable and acceptable with regard to their clinical profile during anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective supratentorial surgeries

Monitoring cerebral vasospasm: How much can we rely on transcranial Doppler

Cerebral vasospasm leading to delayed cerebral ischaemia is one of the major concerns following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Various modalities are present for evaluation and detection of cerebral vasospasm that occurs following SAH. They include transcranial Doppler (TCD), computed tomographic angiography (CTA), computed tomographic (CT) perfusion and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The recent guidelines have advocated the use of TCD and have described it as a reasonable technique for monitoring the development of vasospasm. This review describes the functioning of TCD, the cerebral haemodynamic changes during vasospasm and TCD-based detection of vasospasm. The review shall highlight as to how the TCD derived values are relevant in the settings of neurocritical care. The data in the review have been consolidated based on our search of literature from year 1981 till 2016 using various data base