Ratios of blue/red (B/R) components of visible light spectrum were measured during daytime under clear sky day (June 30, 2013).

<p>Ratios of blue/red (B/R) components of visible light spectrum were measured during daytime under clear sky day (June 30, 2013).</p

Temperature (a) and relative humidity (RH; b) measured under colored photo-selective nets.

<p>Data were recorded every hour continuously for one week during the fruit ripening. Temperature is expressed as difference between temperatures measured under net and under direct sunlight in open-field. </p

Locations where bilberry plants where collected and later on cultivated in the test field.

<p>Blueberry bushes (cv. Brigitta Blue) were already grown in the test field.</p><p>Locations where bilberry plants where collected and later on cultivated in the test field.</p

List of anthocyanins (AC) identified in wild bilberries grown under different photo-selective nets during 2013 and 2014.

<p>The accumulation of the compound was significantly affected by the parameter, as indicated by two-way ANOVA test</p><p>*** p<0.001</p><p>** p<0.01</p><p>* p<0.05.</p><p>n.d. = not detected.</p><p>List of anthocyanins (AC) identified in wild bilberries grown under different photo-selective nets during 2013 and 2014.</p

Daily temperatures measured during the ripening period of <i>Vaccinium</i> berries in two consecutive seasons (2013–2014).

<p>Colored bars show the ripening process, through green, pink and purple-blue (fully ripe) stages of bilberries in 2013 (a), in 2014 (c) and blueberries in 2013 (b), in 2014 (d).</p

Disease resistance and terminal fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of endophyte communities in <i>Methylobacterium</i>-inoculated <i>in vitro-</i>grown potato plants.

<p>(A) Resistance of <i>in vitro-</i>grown potato cvs. Blue Congo, Timo, Pito, Matilda (B, T, P, M) to <i>Pectobacterium atrosepticum</i> induced by <i>Methylobacterium</i> sp. IMBG290 applied at densities 10⁵ 10⁶, 10⁷ and 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ (5, 6, 7 and 8). (B) T-RFLP analysis of bacterial communities of shoots of the different potato cultivars at 10⁵ inoculation density of <i>Methylobacterium</i> sp. IMBG290 (m) where asterisk indicates challenge inoculated plants. (C) T-RFLP analysis of bacterial communities of shoots (S) and roots (R) of Blue Congo inoculated at 10⁵ and 10⁸ densities. Disease resistance data are mean ± SD (<i>n</i> = 5), letters indicate significant difference between treatments and control by Student’s <i>t</i>-test (a, b and c indicate P<0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively). Cluster plots generated by Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis are constructed from three T-RFLP replicates and contain the information on beta diversity (Beta), the percentage of the main (M) and interaction (I) effects, the principal T-RFs responsible for the data ordination for each of the interaction principal components axes (IPCA1 and 2), and the percentage of variance captured by each of the axes. Different shapes indicate grouping patterns.</p

The deduced amino acid sequences of hybrid aspen endogenous haemoglobins aligned with other plant and (NCBI accession no

L21670) haemoglobins. (A) Hybrid aspen Hb1 aligned with class 1 haemoglobins from , , , and (accession nos AB221344, NM_127165, U47143, and Y00296, respectively) and VHb. (B) Hybrid aspen TrHb aligned with truncated haemoglobins from . , , . , and (accession nos NM_119421, AJ489324, AY547292, and AF376063, respectively) and VHb. The shading shows the degree of conservation in each column. The positions of key residues are shown with upper case letters above the alignment.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Endogenous and , and heterologous haemoglobin gene expression in hybrid aspen roots with ectomycorrhizal interaction"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(9):2449-2459.</p><p>Published online Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2423654.</p><p></p

The expression data of the time-course experiment, analysed 5 h, 2 d, 7 d, and 21 d after inoculation

The relative mean expression ±SE of hybrid aspen endogenous haemoglobin genes (A, B) and (C, D), and the heterologous haemoglobin gene (E) in the roots of the non-transgenic control line V617 (A, C) and the transgenic VHb line V617/45 (B, D, E) during dual culture with the ECM fungus . Asterisks represent statistically significant ( <p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Endogenous and , and heterologous haemoglobin gene expression in hybrid aspen roots with ectomycorrhizal interaction"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(9):2449-2459.</p><p>Published online Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2423654.</p><p></p

Disease resistance and terminal fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of endophyte communities in <i>Methylobacterium</i>-inoculated greenhouse-grown potato plants.

<p>(A) Resistance of greenhouse-grown potato cv. Bellarosa to <i>Pseudomonas syringae pv.</i> tomato DC3000 induced by <i>Methylobacterium</i> sp. IMBG290 at densities 10³ (3) and 10⁵ (5) CFU ml⁻¹ and (B) analysis of the corresponding bacterial communities (combined data of labeled forward (F) and reverse (R) T-RFs of the amplicon) of shoots and roots at inoculation density of 10⁵. Disease resistance data are means ± SD (<i>n</i> = 5), letters indicate significant difference between treatments and control by Student’s <i>t</i>-test (a, b and c indicate P<0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively). Cluster plots generated by Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis are constructed from three T-RFLP replicates and contain the information on beta diversity (Beta), the percentage of the main (M) and interaction (I) effects, the principal T-RFs responsible for the data ordination for each of the interaction principal components axes (IPCA1 and 2), and the percentage of variance captured by each of the axes. Different shapes indicate grouping patterns.</p

<em>Methylobacterium</em>-Induced Endophyte Community Changes Correspond with Protection of Plants against Pathogen Attack

<div><p>Plant inoculation with endophytic bacteria that normally live inside the plant without harming the host is a highly promising approach for biological disease control. The mechanism of resistance induction by beneficial bacteria is poorly understood, because pathways are only partly known and systemic responses are typically not seen. The innate endophytic community structures change in response to external factors such as inoculation, and bacterial endophytes can exhibit direct or indirect antagonism towards pathogens. Earlier we showed that resistance induction by an endophytic <em>Methylobacterium</em> sp. in potato towards <em>Pectobacterium atrosepticum</em> was dependent on the density of the inoculum, whereas the bacterium itself had no antagonistic activity. To elucidate the role of innate endophyte communities in plant responses, we studied community changes in both <em>in vitro</em> and greenhouse experiments using various combinations of plants, endophyte inoculants, and pathogens. Induction of resistance was studied in several potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L.) cultivars by <em>Methylobacterium</em> sp. IMBG290 against the pathogens <em>P. atrosepticum</em>, <em>Phytophthora infestans</em> and <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. tomato DC3000, and in pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em> L.) by <em>M. extorquens</em> DSM13060 against <em>Gremmeniella abietina.</em> The capacities of the inoculated endophytic <em>Methylobacterium</em> spp. strains to induce resistance were dependent on the plant cultivar, pathogen, and on the density of <em>Methylobacterium</em> spp. inoculum. Composition of the endophyte community changed in response to inoculation in shoot tissues and correlated with resistance or susceptibility to the disease. Our results demonstrate that endophytic <em>Methylobacterium</em> spp. strains have varying effects on plant disease resistance, which can be modulated through the endophyte community of the host.</p> </div