FIGURE 8 in A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica

FIGURE 8. Aedeagus of Haplaxius fornicus sp. n.; (A) right lateral view, (B) left lateral view, (C) ventral view, and (D) dorsal view.Published as part of Bahder, Brian W., Myrie, Wayne, Helmick, Ericka E. & Bartlett, Charles R., 2023, A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica, pp. 225-237 in Zootaxa 5230 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/755356

FIGURE 6 in A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica

FIGURE 6. Hindwing venation of Haplaxius fornicus sp. n. displaying I-type connection between MP and CuA veins.Published as part of Bahder, Brian W., Myrie, Wayne, Helmick, Ericka E. & Bartlett, Charles R., 2023, A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica, pp. 225-237 in Zootaxa 5230 (2) on page 231, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/755356

FIGURE 3 in A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica

FIGURE 3. Adult habitus of Haplaxius fornicus sp. n.; (A) male lateral view, (B) male dorsal view, (C) female lateral view and (D) female dorsal view; scale = 1 mm.Published as part of Bahder, Brian W., Myrie, Wayne, Helmick, Ericka E. & Bartlett, Charles R., 2023, A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica, pp. 225-237 in Zootaxa 5230 (2) on page 230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/755356

Hybridization of Two Major Termite Invaders as a Consequence of Human Activity

<div><p>While hybridization of an invasive species with a native species is a common occurrence, hybridization between two invasive species is rare. Formosan subterranean termites (<i>Coptotermes formosanus</i>) and Asian subterranean termites (<i>C. gestroi</i>) are both ecologically successful and are the two most economically important termite pests in the world. Both species have spread throughout many areas of the world due to human activity; however, their distributions overlap in only three narrow areas because of distinct ecological requirements. In south Florida, where <i>C. formosanus</i> and <i>C. gestroi</i> are both invasive, the dispersal flight seasons of both species overlapped for the first time on record in 2013 and 2014. Pairings of heterospecific individuals were readily observed in the field and <i>C. gestroi</i> males preferentially engaged in mating behavior with <i>C. formosanus</i> females rather than females from their own species. In the laboratory, heterospecific and conspecific pairings had an equal colony establishment rate, but heterospecific incipient colonies had twice the growth rate of conspecific incipient colonies, suggesting a potential case of hybrid vigor. As all pre-zygotic barriers were lifted between the two species in the field, the apparent absence of post-zygotic barriers in the laboratory raises the possibility for introgressive hybridization in south Florida. While laboratory observations remain to be confirmed in the field, and the alate hybrid fertility is currently unknown, our results raise a tangible concern about the hybridization of two major destructive pest species. Such hybridization would likely be associated with a new economic impact.</p></div

FIGURE 5 in A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica

FIGURE 5. Forewing venation of Haplaxius fornicus sp. n.; black = vein, italics = crossvein, green = cell (interpretation following Bourgoin et al. 2015).Published as part of Bahder, Brian W., Myrie, Wayne, Helmick, Ericka E. & Bartlett, Charles R., 2023, A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica, pp. 225-237 in Zootaxa 5230 (2) on page 231, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/755356

FIGURE 9 in A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica

FIGURE 9. Aedeagus line-art for Haplaxius fornicus sp. n.; (A) right lateral view, (B) left lateral view, (C) ventral view, and (D) dorsal view.Published as part of Bahder, Brian W., Myrie, Wayne, Helmick, Ericka E. & Bartlett, Charles R., 2023, A new species of planthopper in the genus Haplaxius (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea Cixiidae) from disturbed submontane rainforest in Jamaica, pp. 225-237 in Zootaxa 5230 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/755356

Interspecies tandem.

<p>(A) male <i>C. formosanus</i> maintaining tandem with female <i>C. gestroi</i> (B) male <i>C. gestroi</i> maintaining tandem with female <i>C. formosanus</i> (C) Tandem preference in a choice test, where male <i>C. gestroi</i> and male <i>C. formosanus</i> primarily initiated tandem behavior with female <i>C. formosanus</i> (binomial test, 91% and 94% respectively, <i>p</i><0.001 for both). (D) Sex ratio was male-biased (linear model, <i>F</i>_<i>(42)</i> = 133, <i>p</i><0.001) for <i>C. gestroi</i> at the time of the swarming overlap, increasing the chance for male <i>C. gestroi</i> and female <i>C. formosanus</i> tandem formation in the field.</p

Heterospecific colonies have viable hybrid offspring.

<p>Shown here is a eight month-old incipient colony that contains the male <i>C. gestroi</i>, the female <i>C. formosanus</i>, eggs, larvae, workers and soldiers.</p

In south-east Florida, the dispersal flights (swarming seasons) of both species overlapped in 2014.

<p>“Major simultaneous swarming event” indicates that more than 100 individuals were collected this day while “minor simultaneous swarming event” indicates that fewer than 100 individuals were collected for at least one of the species. Between March 18^th and June 9^th, there were 24 events of simultaneous <i>C. formosanus</i> and <i>C. gestroi</i> dispersal flights including 5 major simultaneous swarming events. The relative number of alates collected every day is presented on a log scale.</p

The distributions of <i>C. formosanus</i> and <i>C. gestroi</i> overlap in three areas in the word.

<p>From left to right: Taiwan, Hawaii, south Florida, according to [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120745#pone.0120745.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120745#pone.0120745.ref033" target="_blank">33</a>] (modified for illustrative purpose only).</p