Additional file 1: Table S1. of Investigating knockdown resistance (kdr) mechanism against pyrethroids/DDT in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus across Africa

Pyrosequencing primers information for the Voltage-Gated Sodium channel gene mutations. Table S2. List of primers used to sequence full VGSC. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Investigating knockdown resistance (kdr) mechanism against pyrethroids/DDT in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus across Africa

Pyrosequencing genotyping of L1014 position in An. funestus. A) is the chromatogram showing the wild TTA genotype for L1014 whereas B) is the heterozygote TTA/T for L1014/1014F observed at 2 mosquitoes but not confirmed by sequencing. (TIFF 33 kb

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06 avril 19411941/04/06 (A70).Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : PoitouCh

qPCR primers

<p>qPCR primers</p

Transcription profile of candidate genes in the Pahou population.

<p>Comparison of the patterns of gene expression of five candidate detoxification genes (<i>CYP6P9a, CYP6P9b, GSTe2, GSTd1-3 and CYP6Z1</i>) between permethrin resistant (Perm-R), DDT resistant (DDT-R), Pahou mosquitoes not exposed to insecticides (Non-exposed) and the laboratory susceptible strain FANG (FANG-Susc). The normalised expression ratio of each gene against <i>RSP7</i> gene is represented on the vertical axis.</p

Box plots of results from biochemical assays.

<p>The median activity of the An. funestus population of Pahou compared with the An. gambiae Kisumu reference strain is shown by a horizontal bar; the box denotes the upper and lower quartiles. The vertical lines show the full range of the data set; (A) Range of GST activity, (B) Estimated levels of cytochrome P450s (representing monooxygenase activity), (C) Acetylcholinesterase inhibition ranges, (D) Range of esterase activity with the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate.</p

Comparisons of average values for a range of biochemical assays between F₁ adult progeny An. funestus from Pahou population and the An. gambiae Kisumu insecticide-susceptible reference strain.

<p>Comparisons of average values for a range of biochemical assays between F₁ adult progeny An. funestus from Pahou population and the An. gambiae Kisumu insecticide-susceptible reference strain.</p

<i>kdr</i> and <i>AChE</i> primer information.

<p><i>kdr</i> and <i>AChE</i> primer information.</p

Schematic representation of haplotypes of Ex20 and Ex27-31 fragments (H) of the Voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) observed in the Pahou population.

<p>A) Only polymorphic sites are shown and these are numbered from the beginning of each aligned sequence. Dots mean identity with the first sequence. A number has been given to each haplotype preceded by the letter R or S if it is unique to the resistant or susceptible sample respectively. In case of a shared haplotype, the number is preceded by an asterisk. The column (N) indicates the number of individuals sharing the haplotype. Below the list of haplotypes, R or S indicates the positions that are polymorphic in the resistant or susceptible mosquitoes respectively, while an asterisk marks a position polymorphic in both phenotypes. B) Neighbor-joining tree of the VGSC haplotypes from Pahou showing the clades specific to each phenotype. Haplotypes are named with a number followed either by a letter A for alive (resistant) or D for dead mosquitoes (susceptible), while the last number indicates whether it is the first or second haplotype of the specimen.</p

Relative expression levels of candidate genes using quantitative RT-PCR.

<p>Comparison of the patterns of gene expression of each copy of the duplicated <i>CYP6P9</i> (<i>CYP6P9a</i> and <i>CYP6P9b</i>) and when both are amplified together (<i>CYP6P9a/b</i>) between the resistant field sample of Tihuquine, the laboratory susceptible strain FANG and KELA, a susceptible field sample from Mali. The normalised expression ratio of each gene against SP7 gene is represented on the vectical axis.</p