Choosing Short: An Explanation of the Similarities and Dissimilarities in the Distribution Patterns of Binding and Covaluation

Covaluation is the generalization of coreference introduced by Tanya Reinhart. Covaluation distributes in patterns that are very similar yet not entirely identical to those of binding. On a widespread view, covaluation and binding distribute similarly because binding is defined in terms of covaluation. Yet on Reinhart's view, binding and covaluation are not related that way: binding pertains to syntax, covaluation does not. Naturally, the widespread view can easily explain the similarities between binding and covaluation, whereas Reinhart can easily explain the dissimilarities. Reciprocally, the widespread view finds it harder to explain the dissimilarities, whereas Reinhart finds it harder to explain the similarities. Reinhart and others have proposed more than one explanation of the similarities, but as I argue, these explanations do not work. Hence although I adopt Reinhart's view, I propose a new explanation of the similarities and dissimilarities between binding and covaluation: While Reinhart has invoked semantic structure only to explain dissimilarities, I do so to explain both similarities and dissimilarities at once. Finally, I examine in light of this approach the topics of language acquisition, only-constructions, the identity predicate, the Partee/Bach/Higginbotham problem, the Dahl puzzle and its recent versions by Roelofsen

Words chosen with the greatest frequency.

<p>Words chosen with the greatest frequency.</p

Topics and subtopics of words selected for practice by people with aphasia.

<p>Topics and subtopics of words selected for practice by people with aphasia.</p

Distribution of words chosen across participants by topic.

<p>Distribution of words chosen across participants by topic.</p

Ranking of topics by subgroup.

<p>Ranking of topics by subgroup.</p

Number of participants whose word lists were included in the analysis from each area.

<p>Number of participants whose word lists were included in the analysis from each area.</p

The number of words chosen from each topic by gender.

<p>The number of words chosen from each topic by gender.</p

The number of words chosen from each topic by age.

<p>The number of words chosen from each topic by age.</p

Local Crystal Structure of Antiferroelectric Bi₂Mn_4/3Ni_2/3O₆ in Commensurate and Incommensurate Phases Described by Pair Distribution Function (PDF) and Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) Modeling

The functional properties of materials can arise from local structural features that are not well determined or described by crystallographic methods based on long-range average structural models. The room temperature (RT) structure of the Bi perovskite Bi₂Mn_4/3Ni_2/3O₆ has previously been modeled as a locally polar structure where polarization is suppressed by a long-range incommensurate antiferroelectric modulation. In this study we investigate the short-range local structure of Bi₂Mn_4/3Ni_2/3O₆, determined through reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling of neutron total scattering data, and compare the results with the long-range incommensurate structure description. While the incommensurate structure has equivalent B site environments for Mn and Ni, the local structure displays a significantly Jahn–Teller distorted environment for Mn³⁺. The local structure displays the rock-salt-type Mn/Ni ordering of the related Bi₂MnNiO₆ high pressure phase, as opposed to Mn/Ni clustering observed in the long-range average incommensurate model. RMC modeling reveals short-range ferroelectric correlations between Bi³⁺ cations, giving rise to polar regions that are quantified for the first time as existing within a distance of approximately 12 Å. These local correlations persist in the commensurate high temperature (HT) phase, where the long-range average structure is nonpolar. The local structure thus provides information about cation ordering and B site structural flexibility that may stabilize Bi³⁺ on the A site of the perovskite structure and reveals the extent of the local polar regions created by this cation

Effect of feeding a non-medicated, medicated or <i>B. pumilus</i> treatment for 22 days post-weaning on pH of and short chain fatty acid concentrations (mM/g) in ileal and cecal digesta of pigs.¹^,²

1<p>Mean values with their standard errors, <i>n</i> = 10.</p>2<p>Within each row, values with different superscripts are different at (^a,b) <i>P</i><0.05.</p