Introduction to bio-based materials and biotechnologies for eco-efficient construction

This chapter introduces some sustainability challenges, as well as the importance of resource efficiency and the European bioeconomy strategy. The importance of biobased materials and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction is summarized. The importance of changing the curriculum of civil engineering to address sustainability challenges and also enhance the collaboration between civil engineers and biotech experts is briefly discussed. Comments concerning the biobased and biotech related publication intensity of several well know civil engineering departments are also made. An outline of the book is also given

Overview of T and D-T results in JET with ITER-like wall

In 2021 JET exploited its unique capabilities to operate with T and D–T fuel with an ITER-like Be/W wall (JET-ILW). This second major JET D–T campaign (DTE2), after DTE1 in 1997, represented the culmination of a series of JET enhancements—new fusion diagnostics, new T injection capabilities, refurbishment of the T plant, increased auxiliary heating, in-vessel calibration of 14 MeV neutron yield monitors—as well as significant advances in plasma theory and modelling in the fusion community. DTE2 was complemented by a sequence of isotope physics campaigns encompassing operation in pure tritium at high T-NBI power. Carefully conducted for safe operation with tritium, the new T and D–T experiments used 1 kg of T (vs 100 g in DTE1), yielding the most fusion reactor relevant D–T plasmas to date and expanding our understanding of isotopes and D–T mixture physics. Furthermore, since the JET T and DTE2 campaigns occurred almost 25 years after the last major D–T tokamak experiment, it was also a strategic goal of the European fusion programme to refresh operational experience of a nuclear tokamak to prepare staff for ITER operation. The key physics results of the JET T and DTE2 experiments, carried out within the EUROfusion JET1 work package, are reported in this paper. Progress in the technological exploitation of JET D–T operations, development and validation of nuclear codes, neutronic tools and techniques for ITER operations carried out by EUROfusion (started within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme and continuing under the Horizon Europe FP) are reported in (Litaudon et al Nucl. Fusion accepted), while JET experience on T and D–T operations is presented in (King et al Nucl. Fusion submitted)

CX-Ionentemperaturprofile am Plasmarand aus LENA-Messungen an ASDEX und Wendelstein 7-AS

The understanding of the plasma edge parameters in next step experiments like ITER requires transport models which are validated against experimental data. A crucial quantity is the ion temperature profile. So far no space and time resolved information of the main plasma species for the edge region has been available. In this report a method is presented, which allows the routinely calculation of the ion temperature profile near the separatrix from measurements of the Low Energy Neutral Analyser (LENA). Low energy fluxes in the range 12 to 700 eV/amu were measured with a time resolution of 50 to 100 ms. This neutral spectrum, which originated mainly from the plasma edge, is simulated with the help of the 3D Monte-Carlo neutral particle code EIRENE. With the ion temperature profile as the only free parameter, the simulated fluxes are fitted to the experimental fluxes. To overcome the time-consuming Monte Carlo calculation a fast analysis was established, which speeds up the procedure by a factor of 1000. In electron heated plasmas at ASDEX and W7-AS it has been found that the ion edge temperature is in the same range as for the electrons, which is roughly between 20 and 200 eV. The comparison to ion temperatures measured with neutral particle analyzers (NPA) relying on the high energy part of the distribution function confirm that deviations from a Maxwellian tail can falsify the resulting temperature of the NPA up to a factor of two. A database of ion temperatures at ASDEX gives qualitative scalings dependent on density and plasma current. (orig.)221 refs.Available from TIB Hannover: RA 71(3/207) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman