Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at-risk neonates

Background: Neonatal hypoglycaemia is a common condition that can be associated with brain injury. Current practice usually includes early identification of at-risk infants (e.g. infants of diabetic mothers; preterm, small- or large-for-gestational-age infants), and prophylactic measures are advised. However, these measures often involve use of formula milk or admission to the neonatal unit. Dextrose gel is non-invasive, inexpensive, and effective for treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Use of prophylactic dextrose gel can prevent neonatal hypoglycaemia, thus potentially reducing separation of mother and baby and supporting breastfeeding, as well as preventing brain injury. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of oral dextrose gel in preventing hypoglycaemia among newborn infants at risk of hypoglycaemia and in reducing long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. Search methods: We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 12), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 23 January 2017), Embase (1980 to 23 January 2017), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; 1982 to 23 January 2017). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. Selection criteria: We included randomised and quasi-randomised studies comparing dextrose gel versus placebo, no intervention, or other therapies for prevention of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures as expected by the Cochrane Collaboration. Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the quality of evidence. Main results: We included one trial comparing oral dextrose gel versus placebo in 416 infants at risk of hypoglycaemia. We judged this trial to be at low risk of bias. Using the GRADE method, we determined that evidence ranged from high quality to moderate quality. For outcomes selected for the GRADE analysis, we found the following. • Oral dextrose gel prophylaxis (any dose) is associated with reduced risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia compared with placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62 to 0.94; one RCT; n = 415 infants; high-quality evidence). The risk difference (RD) is -0.13 (95% CI -0.23 to -0.03), and on average, 8.3 infants would have to receive prophylactic dextrose gel to prevent one additional case of neonatal hypoglycaemia. • Investigators found no statistically significant differences between dextrose gel and placebo groups in the number of adverse events (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.17; one RCT; n = 413 infants; moderate-quality evidence); separation from mother for treatment of hypoglycaemia (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.01; one RCT, n = 415 infants; moderate-quality evidence); exclusive breastfeeding at discharge (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.15; one RCT; n = 415 women; moderate-quality evidence); or breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.29; one RCT; n = 386 women; moderate-quality evidence). • Researchers provided no data for the other prespecified GRADE outcomes for this review (major neurological disability at two years of age or older; receipt of treatment for hypoglycaemia during initial hospital stay; receipt of intravenous treatment for hypoglycaemia). Authors' conclusions Oral dextrose gel reduced the risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia in at-risk infants in a single trial. Results showed no statistically significant differences in the number of adverse events or in risk of separation of infant from mother for treatment of hypoglycaemia between babies who received oral dextrose gel and those given placebo. Caution is suggested in interpreting data for the latter two outcomes owing to low event rates. Available evidence is limited to a cohort of at-risk infants, most of whom were infants of diabetic mothers and were treated on the postnatal ward. Minimal data available for many of the prespecified outcomes of this review showed no long-term neurodevelopmental and disability outcomes. Additional evidence is needed to assess the efficacy and safety of dextrose gel for prevention of neonatal hypoglycaemia.Joanne E Hegarty, Jane E Harding, Caroline A Crowther, Julie Brown, Jane Alsweile

Individual Differences in Graphical Reasoning

People sometimes appear to represent graphical information by analogy to space. In this paper we consider the extent to which the tendency to represent information by analogy to space calls on spatial resources. We also examine whether people who represent graphical information spatially also represent numerical information using a spatial number line. Forty-eight adult participants carried out a series of graphical reasoning, number judgement and spatial working memory tasks. Evidence was found to suggest that people were forming spatial representations in both the number judgement and graphical reasoning tasks. Performance on the spatial memory task was positively associated with a measure of the tendency to use spatial representations on the graph task. In addition, measures of the use of spatial representations for the graph and number tasks were associated. We interpret our results as providing further evidence that people often represent graphical information by analogy to space. We conclude with a discussion of whether the use of such spatial representations is confined to any one task or is instead a general representational strategy employed by people high in spatial ability