Liver microwave ablation:a systematic review of various FDA-approved systems

ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to analyze preclinical and clinical data on the performance of the currently US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved microwave ablation (MWA) systems.MethodsA review of the literature, published between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2016, on seven FDA-approved MWA systems, was conducted. Ratio of ablation zone volume to applied energy R(AZ:E) and sphericity indices were calculated for ex vivo and in vivo experiments.ResultsThirty-four studies with ex vivo, in vivo, and clinical data were summarized. In total, 14 studies reporting data on ablation zone volume and applied energy were included for comparison R(AZ:E). A significant correlation between volume and energy was found for the ex vivo experiments (r=0.85,

The relationship between applied energy and ablation zone volume in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastasis

To study the ratio of ablation zone volume to applied energy in computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a cirrhotic liver and in patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). In total, 90 liver tumors, 45 HCCs in a cirrhotic liver and 45 CRLMs were treated with RFA or with one of two MWA devices (MWA_A and MWA_B), resulting in 15 procedures for each tumor type, per device. Device settings were recorded and the applied energy was calculated. Ablation volumes were segmented on the contrast-enhanced CT scans obtained 1 week after the procedure. The ratio of ablation zone volume in milliliters to applied energy in kilojoules was determined for each procedure and compared between HCC (R (HCC)) and CRLM (R (CRLM)), stratified according to ablation device. With RFA, R (HCC) and R (CRLM) were 0.22 mL/kJ (0.14-0.45 mL/kJ) and 0.15 mL/kJ (0.14-0.22 mL/kJ; p = 0.110), respectively. With MWA_A, R (HCC) was 0.81 (0.61-1.07 mL/kJ) and R (CRLM) was 0.43 (0.35-0.61 mL/kJ; p = 0.001). With MWA_B, R (HCC) was 0.67 (0.41-0.85 mL/kJ) and R (CRLM) was 0.43 (0.35-0.61 mL/kJ; p = 0.040). With RFA, there was no significant difference in energy deposition ratio between tumor types. With both MWA devices, the ratios were higher for HCCs. Tailoring microwave ablation device protocols to tumor type might prevent incomplete ablations. aEuro cent HCCs and CRLMs respond differently to microwave ablation aEuro cent For MWA, CRLMs required more energy to achieve a similar ablation volume aEuro cent Tailoring ablation protocols to tumor type might prevent incomplete ablations

Feasibility of Image-guided Navigation with Electromagnetic Tracking During Robot-assisted Sentinel Node Biopsy:A Prospective Study

Background and objective: Image-guided surgical navigation (IGSN) can enhance surgical precision and safety. The expansion of minimally invasive surgery has increased the demand for integration of these navigation systems into robot-assisted surgery. Our objective was to evaluate the integration of electromagnetic tracking with IGSN in robot-assisted sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Methods: We conducted a prospective feasibility study to test the use of IGSN in SLNB. In total, 25 patients scheduled for SLNB at The Netherlands Cancer Institute were included (March 2022 to March 2023). SLNB using IGSN was performed using a standardised technique with a da Vinci robot (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) in four-arm configuration. Feasibility was determined as the percentage of sentinel nodes (SNs) successfully identified via IGSN. Successful SN resection was defined as SNs correctly localised via navigation and validated ex vivo with a gamma probe. Surgeon feedback on the robot-assisted IGSN workflow was evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Key findings and limitations: In accordance with the protocol, the first five patients were used for workflow optimisation, and the subsequent 20 patients were included in the analysis. IGSN led to successful identification of 91% (50/55) of the SNs. There were no complications associated with navigation. The surgeon feedback (SUS) was 60.9, with lowest scores reported for the user interface and workflow integration. Conclusions: IGSN during robot-assisted surgery was feasible and safe. The technique allowed identification and removal of predefined small pelvic lymph nodes. Patient summary: We carried out a study on the feasibility of imaging-guided navigation in robot-assisted prostate surgery. Our results show that this technique is feasible, safe, and effective.</p

Robotic versus Freehand Needle Positioning in CT-guided Ablation of Liver Tumors:A Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of freehand versus robotic antenna placement in CT-guided microwave ablation (MWA) of liver tumors. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective single-center nonblinded randomized controlled trial (Netherlands Trial Registry, NTR6023). Eligible study participants had undergone clinically indicated CT-guided MWA of liver tumors and were able to receive a CT contrast agent. Randomization was performed per tumor after identification on contrast material-enhanced CT images. The primary outcome was the number of antenna repositionings, which was compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test. Secondary outcomes were lateral targeting error stratified by in-plane and out-of-plane targets and targeting time. Results: Between February 14 and November 12, 2017, 31 participants with a mean age of 63 years (range, 25-88 years) were included: 17 women (mean age, 57 years; range, 25-77 years) and 14 men (mean age, 70 years; range, 52-88 years). The freehand study arm consisted of 19 participants, while the robotic study arm consisted of 18 participants; six participants with multiple tumors were included in both arms. Forty-seven tumors were assessed; five tumors were excluded from the analysis because of technical limitations. In the robotic arm, no antenna repositioning was required. In the freehand arm, a median of one repositioning was required (range, zero to seven repositionings; P <.001). For out-of-plane targets, lateral targeting error was 10.1 mm +/- 4.0 and 5.9 mm +/- 2.9 (P = .007) for freehand and robotic procedures, respectively, and for in-plane targets, lateral targeting error was 6.2 mm +/- 2.7 and 7.7 mm +/- 5.9, respectively (P = .51). Mean targeting time was 19 minutes (range, 8-55 minutes) and 36 minutes (range, 3-70 minutes; P = .001) for freehand and robotic procedures, respectively. Conclusion: Robotic antenna guidance reduces the need for antenna repositioning in microwave ablation to accurately target liver tumors and increases accuracy for out-of-plane targets. However, targeting time was greater with robotic guidance than with freehand targeting. (C) RSNA, 201

Association of Image-Guided Navigation With Complete Resection Rate in Patients With Locally Advanced Primary and Recurrent Rectal Cancer: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial

Importance: The percentage of tumor-positive surgical resection margin rates in patients treated for locally advanced primary or recurrent rectal cancer is high. Image-guided navigation may improve complete resection rates. Objective: To ascertain whether image-guided navigation during rectal cancer resection improves complete resection rates compared with surgical procedures without navigation. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective single-center nonrandomized controlled trial was conducted at the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The prospective or navigation cohort included adult patients with locally advanced primary or recurrent rectal cancer who underwent resection with image-guided navigation between February 1, 2016, and September 30, 2019, at the tertiary referral hospital. Clinical results of this cohort were compared with results of the historical cohort, which was composed of adult patients who received rectal cancer resection without image-guided navigation between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2015. Intervention: Rectal cancer resection with image-guided navigation. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was the complete resection rate, measured by the amount of tumor-negative resection margin rates. Secondary outcomes were safety and usability of the system. Safety was evaluated by the number of navigation system-associated surgical adverse events. Usability was assessed from responses to a questionnaire completed by the participating surgeons after each procedure. Results: In total, 33 patients with locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer were included (23 men [69.7%]; median [interquartile range] age at start of treatment, 61 [55.0-69.0] years). With image-guided navigation, a radical resection (R0) was achieved in 13 of 14 patients (92.9%; 95% CI, 66.1%-99.8%) after primary resection of locally advanced tumors and in 15 of 19 patients (78.9%; 95% CI, 54.4%-94.0%) after resection of recurrent rectal cancer. No navigation system-associated complications occurred before or during surgical procedures. In the historical cohort, 142 patients who underwent resection without image-guided navigation were included (95 men [66.9%]; median [interquartile range] age at start of treatment, 64 [55.0-70.0] years). In these patients, an R0 resection was accomplished in 85 of 101 patients (84.2%) with locally advanced rectal cancer and in 20 of 41 patients (48.8%) with recurrent rectal cancer. A significant difference was found between the navigation and historical cohorts after recurrent rectal cancer resection (21.1% vs 51.2%; P = .047). For locally advanced primary tumor resection, the difference was not significant (7.1% vs 15.8%; P = .69). Surgeons stated in completed questionnaires that the navigation system improved decisiveness and helped with tumor localization. Conclusions and Relevance: Findings of this study suggest that image-guided navigation used during rectal cancer resection is safe and intuitive and may improve tumor-free resection margin rates in recurrent rectal cancer. Trial Registration: Netherlands Trial Register Identifier: NTR7184

Surgical navigation for challenging recurrent or pretreated intra-abdominal and pelvic soft tissue sarcomas

Background: This study assessed whether electromagnetic navigation can be of added value during resection of recurrent or post-therapy intra-abdominal/pelvic soft tissue sarcomas (STS) in challenging locations. Materials and Methods: Patients were included in a prospective navigation study. A pre-operatively 3D roadmap was made and tracked using electromagnetic reference markers. During the operation, an electromagnetic pointer was used for the localization of the tumor/critical anatomical structures. The primary endpoint was feasibility, secondary outcomes were safety and usability. Results: Nine patients with a total of 12 tumors were included, 7 patients with locally recurrent sarcoma. Three patients received neoadjuvant radiotherapy and three other patients received neoadjuvant systemic treatment. The median tumor size was 4.6 cm (2.4–10.4). The majority of distances from tumor to critical anatomical structures was <0.5 cm. The tumors were localized using the navigation system without technical or safety issues. Despite the challenging nature of these resections, 89% were R0 resections, with a median blood loss of 100 ml (20–1050) and one incident of vascular damage. Based on the survey, surgeons stated navigation resulted in shorter surgery time and made the resections easier. Conclusion: Electromagnetic navigation facilitates resections of challenging lower intra-abdominal/pelvic STS and might be of added value

Surgical navigation for targeted retroperitoneal lymph-node removal: a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trialResearch in context

Summary: Background: Metastatic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LND) for nodal recurrence is applied for a variety of cancers, such as urological, gynaecological and rectal cancer. Precise localisation and resection of these lymph nodes (LNs) during surgery can be challenging, especially after previous radiotherapy or surgery. The objective of this study was to assess the added value of surgical navigation for targeted LND in the retroperitoneum. Methods: We performed an open-label randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial at the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam. Eligible participants were over 18 years of age, scheduled for targeted retroperitoneal LND by laparotomy, with removal of one or more suspected (targeted) LN(s) as assessed by diagnostic imaging. Patients were randomised (1:1) between conventional LND and LND using surgical navigation, by means of a minimisation method stratified for tumour origin (urological, colorectal and other). For the surgical navigation, a digital 3D model of the patients' anatomy was created from diagnostic CT scans, including delineation of the targeted LN(s). The 3D model was linked to the patients’ position in the operation room. Using an electromagnetic tracking system, with a sterile tracked pointer, the actual position of the pointer was shown in the 3D model, enabling the surgeon to localize the targeted LN(s). The primary outcome of the study was the percentage of successful procedures. Success was defined as no residual target LN(s) visible on postoperative CT imaging. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05867095. Findings: From January 2017 to December 2020, 69 participants were included in the study, 35 (51%) in the conventional arm and 34 (49%) in the navigation arm. Four patients were not evaluable and excluded from further analysis; three in the conventional arm (patients withdraw from study participation), one in the navigation arm (discontinued surgery, misclassified diagnosis). According to intention-to-treat analysis, 50% (16/32) of the surgical procedures was successful in the conventional arm, versus 85% (28/33) in the surgical navigation arm (one-tailed p = 0.0028, 90% CI: 14%–56%). Using the Clavien-Dindo classification, the overall complication rate was comparable between the conventional arm and the navigation arm. Surgeons judged the surgical navigation setup as valuable, the median preference score to use surgical navigation was 3.7 (3.3–4.0) (scale 1–5), and the median system usability score was 75 (70–85) (scale 0–100). Interpretation: Surgical navigation allows for significantly better localisation and removal of target LN(s) in the retroperitoneum. Funding: This research was supported by the KWF-Alpe d'HuZes (NKI 2014-6596) and by an institutional grant of The Dutch Cancer Society and of the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport

Correction: Groen et al. Use of Image-Guided Surgical Navigation during Resection of Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer. Life 2022, 12, 645. : Use of Image-Guided Surgical Navigation during Resection of Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer (Life, (2022), 12, 5, (645), 10.3390/life12050645)

Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [1]. In the published version, the resection rate numbers as reported by Kok et al. [2] were cited incorrectly in the Introduction section on page 2. The sentence “Among patients operated on for LRRC, R0 resection rate using surgical navigation was 21% compared with 51% in a case control group” should be changed to “Among patients operated on for LRRC, R0 resection rate using surgical navigation was 79% compared with 49% in a case control group”. The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated

Accurate surgical navigation with real-time tumor tracking in cancer surgery

In the past decades, image-guided surgery has evolved rapidly. In procedures with a relatively fixed target area, like neurosurgery and orthopedics, this has led to improved patient outcomes. In cancer surgery, intraoperative guidance could be of great benefit to secure radical resection margins since residual disease is associated with local recurrence and poor survival. However, most tumor lesions are mobile with a constantly changing position. Here, we present an innovative technique for real-time tumor tracking in cancer surgery. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of real-time tumor tracking during rectal cancer surgery. The application of real-time tumor tracking using an intraoperative navigation system is feasible and safe with a high median target registration accuracy of 3 mm. This technique allows oncological surgeons to obtain real-time accurate information on tumor location, as well as critical anatomical information. This study demonstrates that real-time tumor tracking is feasible and could potentially decrease positive resection margins and improve patient outcome