Multicenter phase II study of sequential radioembolization-sorafenib therapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma

10.1371/journal.pone.0090909PLoS ONE93-POLN

Treatment-related toxicities,^* stratified by time.

<p>* Treatment-related toxicities included all those assessed as either definitely, probably, possibly related to treatment and unlikely to be related to treatment (excluding only those events assessed as definitely unrelated to treatment); If a toxicity occurred multiple times to the same patient, it was counted once for that patient at the highest grade that was assessed.Post-RE: Post-radioembolization/Pre-sorafenib period of 14 days; N = number of patients alive at each time interval; National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.</p><p>Abbreviations: ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase GI: gastrintestinal.</p>†<p>This was a grade 5 event.</p

Sorafenib dose modifications.

<p>Sorafenib dose modifications.</p

Figure 2

<p>Liver function tests, stratified by time, for (A) total bilirubin, (B) albumin, (C) AST, (D) ALT and (E) alkaline phosphatase at baseline and after radioembolization followed by sorafenib. Post-RE: Post-radioembolization/Pre-sorafenib period of 14 days.</p

Summary of efficacy measures.

<p>CI: confidence interval nr: not reached.</p

Figure 3

<p>(A) Time to progression and (B) overall survival.</p

CONSORT diagram of Phase II trial of radioembolization followed by sequential sorafenib in patients with HCC.

<p>CONSORT diagram of Phase II trial of radioembolization followed by sequential sorafenib in patients with HCC.</p

Smoothed EQ-5D quality of life index over time stratified by BCLC stage.

<p>Smoothed EQ-5D quality of life index over time stratified by BCLC stage.</p

Treatment-related toxicities,^* stratified by time.

<p>* Treatment-related toxicities included all those assessed as either definitely, probably, possibly related to treatment and unlikely to be related to treatment (excluding only those events assessed as definitely unrelated to treatment); If a toxicity occurred multiple times to the same patient, it was counted once for that patient at the highest grade that was assessed.Post-RE: Post-radioembolization/Pre-sorafenib period of 14 days; N = number of patients alive at each time interval; National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.</p><p>Abbreviations: ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase GI: gastrintestinal.</p>†<p>This was a grade 5 event.</p

Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial

BackgroundSparsentan, a novel, non-immunosuppressive, single-molecule, dual endothelin angiotensin receptor antagonist, significantly reduced proteinuria versus irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, at 36 weeks (primary endpoint) in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy in the phase 3 PROTECT trial's previously reported interim analysis. Here, we report kidney function and outcomes over 110 weeks from the double-blind final analysis.MethodsPROTECT, a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 study, was done across 134 clinical practice sites in 18 countries throughout the Americas, Asia, and Europe. Patients aged 18 years or older with biopsy-proven primary IgA nephropathy and proteinuria of at least 1·0 g per day despite maximised renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 12 weeks were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive sparsentan (target dose 400 mg oral sparsentan once daily) or irbesartan (target dose 300 mg oral irbesartan once daily) based on a permuted-block randomisation method. The primary endpoint was proteinuria change between treatment groups at 36 weeks. Secondary endpoints included rate of change (slope) of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), changes in proteinuria, a composite of kidney failure (confirmed 40% eGFR reduction, end-stage kidney disease, or all-cause mortality), and safety and tolerability up to 110 weeks from randomisation. Secondary efficacy outcomes were assessed in the full analysis set and safety was assessed in the safety set, both of which were defined as all patients who were randomly assigned and received at least one dose of randomly assigned study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03762850.FindingsBetween Dec 20, 2018, and May 26, 2021, 203 patients were randomly assigned to the sparsentan group and 203 to the irbesartan group. One patient from each group did not receive the study drug and was excluded from the efficacy and safety analyses (282 [70%] of 404 included patients were male and 272 [67%] were White) . Patients in the sparsentan group had a slower rate of eGFR decline than those in the irbesartan group. eGFR chronic 2-year slope (weeks 6–110) was −2·7 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year versus −3·8 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (difference 1·1 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year, 95% CI 0·1 to 2·1; p=0·037); total 2-year slope (day 1–week 110) was −2·9 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year versus −3·9 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (difference 1·0 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year, 95% CI −0·03 to 1·94; p=0·058). The significant reduction in proteinuria at 36 weeks with sparsentan was maintained throughout the study period; at 110 weeks, proteinuria, as determined by the change from baseline in urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, was 40% lower in the sparsentan group than in the irbesartan group (−42·8%, 95% CI −49·8 to −35·0, with sparsentan versus −4·4%, −15·8 to 8·7, with irbesartan; geometric least-squares mean ratio 0·60, 95% CI 0·50 to 0·72). The composite kidney failure endpoint was reached by 18 (9%) of 202 patients in the sparsentan group versus 26 (13%) of 202 patients in the irbesartan group (relative risk 0·7, 95% CI 0·4 to 1·2). Treatment-emergent adverse events were well balanced between sparsentan and irbesartan, with no new safety signals.InterpretationOver 110 weeks, treatment with sparsentan versus maximally titrated irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy resulted in significant reductions in proteinuria and preservation of kidney function