Effect of Border Markets on the Economy of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran

The present study attempts to assess the performance of border markets and their effects on the sustainable development of border regions of Iran. Tamarchin, the oldest border market of Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, was selected as the case for the study since it has ranked first in the country, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The data for the study was collected from two different sources: official statistics released by the Customs Office, the Ministries of Commerce and Corporation of Iran during 2001-2007 and data gathered from a questionnaire distributed among some active West Azerbaijan border traders and also from a face-to-face interview with those traders. The results of the study indicated that considering high growth potential and many other advantages of the province, West Azerbaijan can play a significant role in the creation and establishment of border markets of the country.West Azerbaijan; border market; economic activity; border; frontiersmen.

Exterior Powers of Barsotti-Tate Groups

Let \CO be the ring of integers of a non-Archimedean local field and $\pi$ a fixed uniformizer of \CO . We establish three main results. The first one states that the exterior powers of a $\pi$-divisible \CO -module scheme of dimension at most 1 over a field exist and commute with algebraic field extensions. The second one states that the exterior powers of a $p$-divisible group of dimension at most 1 over arbitrary base exist and commute with arbitrary base change. The third one states that when \CO has characteristic zero, then the exterior powers of $\pi$-divisible groups with scalar \CO -action and dimension at most 1 over a locally Noetherian base scheme exist and commute with arbitrary base change. We also calculate the height and dimension of the exterior powers in terms of the height of the given $p$-divisible group or $\pi$-divisible \CO -module scheme

Exterior Powers of Lubin-Tate Groups

Let O be the ring of integers of a non-Archimedean local field of characteristic zero and π a fixed uniformizer of O. We prove that the exterior powers of a π-divisible module of dimension at most 1 over a locally Noetherian scheme exist and commute with arbitrary base change. We calculate the height and dimension of the exterior powers in terms of the height of the given π-divisible module. In the case of p-divisible groups, the existence of the exterior powers are proved without any condition on the basis

The Effect of Intraspinal Micro Stimulation With Variable Stimulating Pattern in Adult Rat With Induction of Spinal Cord Injury in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries

Background: Spinal cord injury is one of the diseases that, no specific treatment has yet found despite the variety of works that have done in this field. Different approaches to treat such injuries have investigated today. One of them is invasive intra-spinal interventions such as electrical stimulation. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the protocol for intra-spinal variable and fixed electrical stimulation has been investigated in order to recover from spinal cord injury. Methods: In the study, 18 Wistar male rats randomly divided into Three groups, including intra-spinal electrical stimulation (IES), IES with variable pattern of stimulation (VP IES) and a sham group. Animals initially subjected to induced spinal cord injury. After one week, the animal movement was recorded on the treadmill during practice using a camera and angles of the ankle joint were measured using the Tracker software. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by nonlinear evaluations in the phase space. Results: The motion analyses and kinematic analyses were carried out on all groups. According to the achieved results, the gait dynamics of the VP IES group has the most conformity to the gait dynamics of the healthy group. Also, the best quality of the balance preservation observed in the VP IES group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the IES with variable pattern of stimulation along with exercise therapy has significant gait restorative effects and increases the range of motion in rats with induced spinal cord injury

Movement Stabilizing Using Afferent Control of Spinal Locomotor CPG Using Chaotic Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Systems: A Simulation Study

 Background: External control of the function of the central pattern generators (CPGs), exist in the spinal cord, is possible by electrical or chemical stimulation of some of the spinal Afferents. After restarting the activity of spinal cord CPG, the dynamics of movements such as gait can be changed through the time by controlling the rhythm of the CPG.Methods: The purpose of this study was provision of closed loop control algorithm based on the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy controller in order to adjust the weight of the spinal cord afferents in a neuro-mechanical model with the aim of controlling the rhythm of the CPGs. Rhythm control of CPGs has been done with the aim of implementing the process of resetting the phase during gait in order to stabilize the movement against external disturbances. In this paper, the efficiency of a continuous Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy controller with the efficiency of 2 fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno chaotic controllers has been compared.Results: It was shown by the results obtained from the simulation that the process of resetting the motion phase of the skeletal angle in face of applying disturbance in method of chaotic Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy controller is done with good features in the presence of delayed feedback in decreasing overshoot and undershoot to the amount of 1.982 and 0.17 radians, respectively so that the best amount of afferent to reset the phase and return to the desired angle is provided at the shortest possible time.Conclusion: In this paper, the efficiency of a continuous Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy controller with the efficiency of 2 fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno chaotic controllers has been compared for movement stabilization using spinal cord afferent control. According to the results, the best performance was observed when the chaotic fuzzy Takagi-Sugenocontroller in the presence of delayed feedback was used

A device for assessing the tool wear in soft ground EPBS tunneling

The use of mechanized excavation especially EPB shielded tunnel boring machines is growing rapidly in various soft ground tunneling projects. One of the problem to be assessed at a design stage is the wear of the tools and mechanical parts of the machine and the influence on this parameter of the conditioning agents. In the paper a new type of test procedure is presented and the preliminary results are presented and discussed

A Cartesian Diagram of Rapoport-Zink Towers over Universal Covers of pp-Divisible Groups

In their paper Scholze and Weinstein show that a certain diagram of perfectoid spaces is Cartesian. In this paper, we generalize their result. This generalization will be used in a forthcoming paper of ours to compute certain non-trivial $\ell$-adic \'etale cohomology classes appearing in the the generic fiber of Lubin-Tate and Rapoprt-Zink towers. We also study the behavior of the vector bundle functor on the fundamental curve in $p$-adic Hodge theory, defined by Fargues-Fontaine, under multilinear morphisms

Predictors of Cyberchondria during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study using supervised machine learning.

BACKGROUND Cyberchondria is characterized by repeated and compulsive online searches for health information, resulting in increased health anxiety and distress. It has been conceptualized as a multi-dimensional construct fueled by both anxiety and compulsivity-related factors and described as a "transdiagnostic compulsive behavioral syndrome" which is associated with health anxiety, problematic internet use and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Cyberchondria is not included in the ICD-11 or the DSM-5, and its defining features, etiological mechanisms and assessment continue to be debated. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate changes in the severity of cyberchondria during the pandemic and identify predictors of cyberchondria at this time. METHODS Data collection started on May 4, 2020 and ended on June 10, 2020, which corresponds to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. At the time the present study took place, French-speaking countries in Europe (France, Switzerland, Belgium and Luxembourg) all implemented lockdown or semi-lockdown measures. The survey consisted of a questionnaire collecting demographic information (sex, age, education level and country of residence) and information on socioeconomic circumstances during the first lockdown (e.g., economic situation, housing and employment status), and was followed by several instruments assessing various psychological and health-related constructs. Inclusion criteria for the study were being at least 18 years of age and having a good understanding of French. Self-report data were collected from 725 participants aged 18 to 77 years (mean 33.29, SD 12.88 years), with females constituting the majority (416/725, 57.4%). RESULTS The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic affected various facets of cyberchondria: cyberchondria-related distress and interference with functioning increased (distress z=-3.651, P<.001; compulsion z=-5.697, P<.001), whereas the reassurance facet of cyberchondria decreased (z=-6.680, P<.001). Also, COVID-19-related fears and health anxiety emerged as the strongest predictors of cyberchondria-related distress and interference with functioning during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cyberchondria and identify factors that should be considered in efforts to prevent and manage cyberchondria at times of public health crises. Also, they are consistent with the theoretical model of cyberchondria during the COVID-19 pandemic proposed by Starcevic and his colleagues in 2020. In addition, the findings have implications for the conceptualization and future assessment of cyberchondria