Daughters of the May Fourth, Orphans of Revolution

Confucianism, an ideology that dominated Chinese society for millennia, became a stain in Chinese culture. The youth in China at the turn of the twentieth century were determined to rid their society from Confucian influence. There was only one problem; they did so by taking small steps in ridding Confucianism one piece at a time. The biggest issue, filial piety, became the toughest challenge China faced during the revolutionary period. Authors like Lu Xun and Chen Duxiu used literature to protest against filial piety, influencing many others to do the same. Women like Xiao Hong and Ding Ling also exposed the brutal nature of filial piety from a women’s perspective. They challenged the status quo on sexuality, marriage, and freedom of choice for women in China. Many of the men who wrote alongside them applauded their literary works; however, their efforts would fall short. As the Chinese Communist Party grew stronger, the roles of women in Chinese society were discarded so that the Party could appeal to the peasantry who heavily relied on family hierarchy to work their crops and manage their homes. As the May Fourth Movement set the stage for Communism, making promises of women’s reform, in time the leaders of the movement took on political roles that changed their views of women’s reform. As the Party grew, promises were broken and women’s reform became a façade in revolutionary China

PASSENGER MOBILITY AND CLIMATE CONSTRAINTS: ANALYSING ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES

Today, numerous works conclude that transport seems to be completely coupled to economic growth. Therefore, as a direct consequence of economic development, transport sits today as one of the major final energy consumers and one of the most important sources of carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, in the absence of major technological change, this unsustainable situation will most undoubtedly get worse in the future. In this paper we analyze what different types of public policies aiming at sharp reductions in GHG emissions imply on passenger transport and how they can be linked to new behavior patterns affecting time use and consumption. For this, we use the TILT (Transport Issues in the Long Term) model's core microeconomic choice model IT-UP (Integrated Tools for Utility-based Planning). Through this analysis, we explain the interest of adaptive strategies for GHG mitigation.Greenhouse gas, long term, scenario, transport, sustainable development.

Planning for resilience in urban transport.

This paper develops the idea of taking into account the systemic effects of public policies for sustainable transport in long-term scenarios. A comprehensive assessment of these effects is a particularly important factor in identifying potential unbalancing elements and planning for resilience to the effects of mitigation policies in view of increasing acceptance to different measures on which GHG reductions depend.Modelling, Greenhouse gas, Coupling, Scenarios, 2050 horizon, mitigation, adaptation, multimodality, decoupling.

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN FRANCE: IS A 75% REDUCTION IN CO2 EMISSIONS ATTAINABLE?

Today, numerous works conclude that transport seems to be completely coupled to economic and export/import growth. Therefore, as a direct consequence of economic development transport sits today as one of the major final energy consumers and one of the most important sources of carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, this situation of continuous increase in transport clearly poses an environmental problem. In this paper we propose to asses a certain number of possible solutions through scenario building in a backcasting manner using the TILT (Transport Issues in the Long Term) model. In particular, we evaluate three different scenarios that address how technology and different public policies can contribute towards a sharp reduction in CO2 emissions. Furthermore, we propose an estimation of infrastructure investment needs as well as insight on how transport budgets (time and monetary) could evolve in each of the three scenarios presented: • Pegasus - promoting strict technology standards • Chronos - promoting green multimodality • Hestia - promoting transport-GDP growth decoupling. Each scenario allows a quick comprehension of the types of results that can be obtained through different policy mixes. In sum, realistic technological hypothesis show that a 50% reduction in emissions, from the 2000 level, is a clear possibility, and that the remaining 25 % reduction in emissions is possible through different types of policy mixes.Greenhouse gas, long-term, scenario, transport, sustainable development.

Facteur 4 et mobilité des personnes et des marchandises

Afin de limiter les impacts du changement climatique sur la planète, les experts du GIEC préconisent une division par deux des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre à l'horizon 2050. Cet objectif impose une division par quatre (i.e. facteur 4) des émissions de gaz à effet de serre des pays industrialisés comme la France. Le secteur des transports peut-il se plier à cette exigence ?A l'aide du modèle TILT (Transport Issues in the Long Term), centré sur les relations macroéconomiques entre croissance économique, technologies, mobilité et émissions de C02, ce papier recherche les conditions à réunir pour que soit atteint, en France, le « facteur 4 ». Si les progrès techniques annoncés par les ingénieurs sont au rendez-vous, nous pouvons atteindre un facteur 2. L'autre moitié du chemin doit donc être réalisée par une modification des comportements des individus et des entreprises. Trois familles de scénarios sont proposées pour en illustrer le contenu de ces évolutions qui, pour certaines, constituent de véritables bouleversements.Changement climatique; émission de CO2; facteur 4; transport; mobilité des personnes; mobilité des marchandises; backcasting

Spectral Doppler Ultrasonography of Hepatic Vein in a Patient with Atrial Fibrillation and Rapid Ventricular Rate

Background: Point of Care ultrasound (POCUS) is a tool that enables the clinicians to objectively assess hemodynamics at the bedside. Recently, a novel concept of venous excess Doppler ultrasound (VExUS) grading system has been proposed to assess venous congestion at the organ level in real time. This concept evaluates the presence of severe flow abnormalities in 2 or more veins (of the hepatic, portal, and kidney parenchymal veins) with a dilated IVC (≥2 cm). There are reports in literature that tachyarrhythmias alter the flow pattern in the hepatic veins. Case presentation: We present a case of a 88-year-old gentleman with a past medical history of hypertension, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, CKD and diabetes, who was admitted due to sepsis in the setting of multifocal pneumonia. On admission day 3, the patient developed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response and worsening hemodynamic status. A bedside POCUS was performed as part of the evaluation. Hepatic vein doppler flow showed complete S wave reversal suggesting high right atrial pressures (RAP) and severe intravascular congestion. Diltiazem infusion was started immediately, and diuretics were ordered. Rate control was achieved after 2 hours of diltiazem infusion. Reassessment of hepatic vein Doppler flow showed normalization of S wave with an S \u3c D pattern which is common in atrial fibrillation even in the absence of elevated RAP. A decision was made to discontinue diuretics as S wave reversal was attributed to rapid ventricular rate. Conclusions: VExUS grading is a novel concept, that evaluates intravascular congestion based on IVC diameter, hepatic, portal and kidney veins Doppler waveforms. Awareness of hepatic vein doppler alterations in tachyarrhythmias allows one to avoid misinterpretation of the hepatic vein signal and permits assessment of the impact on right heart hemodynamics