Balancing logic utilization and area efficiency in FPGAs

Abstract. In this paper we outline a procedure to determine appropriate partitioning of programmable logic and interconnect area to minimize overall device area across a broad range of benchmark circuits. To validate our design approach, FPGA layout tools which target devices with less that 100 % logic capacity have been developed to augment existing approaches that target fully-utilized devices. These tools have been applied to FPGA and reconfigurable computing benchmarks which range from simple state machines to pipelined datapaths. In general, it is shown that the minimum area point for architectures similar to those available from Xilinx Corporation falls below the 100 % logic utilization point for many circuits.

Unboxing dendritic cells: Tales of multi‐faceted biology and function

Often referred to as the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) that constitute a unique, yet complex cell system. Among other APCs, DCs display the unique property of inducing protective immune responses against invading microbes, or cancer cells, while safeguarding the proper homeostatic equilibrium of the immune system and maintaining self‐tolerance. Unsurprisingly, DCs play a role in many diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, infectious disease and cancer. This makes them attractive but challenging targets for therapeutics. Since their initial discovery, research and understanding of DC biology have flourished. We now recognize the presence of multiple subsets of DCs distributed across tissues. Recent studies of phenotype and gene expression at the single cell level have identified heterogeneity even within the same DC type, supporting the idea that DCs have evolved to greatly expand the flexibility of the immune system to react appropriately to a wide range of threats. This review is meant to serve as a quick and robust guide to understand the basic divisions of DC subsets and their role in the immune system. Between mice and humans, there are some differences in how these subsets are identified and function, and we will point out specific distinctions as necessary. Throughout the text, we are using both fundamental and therapeutic lens to describe overlaps and distinctions and what this could mean for future research and therapies.Recent studies of phenotype and gene expression at the single cell level have identified DC heterogeneity even within the same type, supporting the idea that DCs have evolved to greatly expand the flexibility of the immune system to react appropriately to a wide range of threats. This review is meant to serve as a quick and robust guide to understand the basic divisions of DC subsets and their role in the immune system. Throughout the text, we are using both fundamental and therapeutic lens to describe overlaps and distinctions and what this could mean for future research and therapies.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170887/1/imm13394_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170887/2/imm13394.pd