Photoelastic coupling in gallium arsenide optomechanical disk resonators

We analyze the magnitude of the radiation pressure and electrostrictive stresses exerted by light confined inside GaAs semiconductor WGM optomechanical disk resonators, through analytical and numerical means, and find the electrostrictive force to be of prime importance. We investigate the geometric and photoelastic optomechanical coupling resulting respectively from the deformation of the disk boundary and from the strain-induced refractive index changes in the material, for various mechanical modes of the disks. Photoelastic optomechanical coupling is shown to be a predominant coupling mechanism for certain disk dimensions and mechanical modes, leading to total coupling g$_{om}$ and g$_0$ reaching respectively 3 THz/nm and 4 MHz. Finally, we point towards ways to maximize the photoelastic coupling in GaAs disk resonators, and we provide some upper bounds for its value in various geometries

Electro-optic entanglement source for microwave to telecom quantum state transfer

We propose an efficient microwave-photonic modulator as a resource for stationary entangled microwave-optical fields and develop the theory for deterministic entanglement generation and quantum state transfer in multi-resonant electro-optic systems. The device is based on a single crystal whispering gallery mode resonator integrated into a 3D-microwave cavity. The specific design relies on a new combination of thin-film technology and conventional machining that is optimized for the lowest dissipation rates in the microwave, optical, and mechanical domains. We extract important device properties from finite-element simulations and predict continuous variable entanglement generation rates on the order of a Mebit/s for optical pump powers of only a few tens of microwatts. We compare the quantum state transfer fidelities of coherent, squeezed, and non-Gaussian cat states for both teleportation and direct conversion protocols under realistic conditions. Combining the unique capabilities of circuit quantum electrodynamics with the resilience of fiber optic communication could facilitate long-distance solid-state qubit networks, new methods for quantum signal synthesis, quantum key distribution, and quantum enhanced detection, as well as more power-efficient classical sensing and modulation

Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface

Solid-state microwave systems offer strong interactions for fast quantum logic and sensing but photons at telecom wavelength are the ideal choice for high-density low-loss quantum interconnects. A general-purpose interface that can make use of single photon effects requires < 1 input noise quanta, which has remained elusive due to either low efficiency or pump induced heating. Here we demonstrate coherent electro-optic modulation on nanosecond-timescales with only 0.16+0.02−0.01 microwave input noise photons with a total bidirectional transduction efficiency of 8.7% (or up to 15% with 0.41+0.02−0.02), as required for near-term heralded quantum network protocols. The use of short and high-power optical pump pulses also enables near-unity cooperativity of the electro-optic interaction leading to an internal pure conversion efficiency of up to 99.5%. Together with the low mode occupancy this provides evidence for electro-optic laser cooling and vacuum amplification as predicted a decade ago

Improved optomechanical disk resonator sitting on a pedestal mechanical shield

We experimentally demonstrate the controlled enhancement of the mechanical quality factor Q of GaAs disk optomechanical resonators. Disks vibrating at 1.3 GHz with a mechanical shield integrated in their pedestal show a Q improvement by a factor 10 to 16. The structure is modeled numerically and different modes of vibration are observed, which shed light on the Q enhancement mechanism. An optimized double-disk geometry is presented that promises Q above the million for a large parameter range.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Disques optomécaniques en arseniure de gallium à l'approche du régime quantique

Le but de cette thèse est d'atteindre l'état de mouvement fondamental sur des disques optomécaniques en arseniure de gallium. La mécanique quantique prévoit en effet que la quantité d'énergie d'un système physique (mécanique ou autre) ne peut jamais être réduite totalement à zéro. Il existe cependant un état de plus basse énergie, que l'on appelle l'état fondamental. L'effet physique utilisé pendant cette thèse pour extraire de l'énergie du système (et ainsi atteindre l'état fondamental) est le couplage opto-mécanique. Les micro-disques supportent des résonances optiques à symétrie axiale appelées modes de galerie ainsi que des résonances mécaniques appelées modes de respiration. Le couplage entre ces deux modes peut être intuitivement compris comme suit: lorsque le disque "respire" mécaniquement, la circonférence du disque ressentie par le mode optique change, ce qui induit un décalage de sa longueur d'onde de résonance. A l'inverse, le mode optique exerce une pression de radiation sur les parois du disque, qui peut amplifier ou atténuer le mouvement mécanique. Le refroidissement opto-mécanique est d'autant plus efficace que les résonances (optique comme mécanique) ont de faibles taux de dissipation. Une grande partie de ce travail de thèse à donc été dédiée à la réduction de ces pertes. Des efforts technologiques ont permis d'obtenir des structures lisses et régulières, pour éviter la diffusion (et donc la dissipation) de lumière par rugosités. Afin de réduire la dissipation mécanique, une structure novatrice incluant des boucliers mécaniques à été développée, et à permis de réduire la dissipation mécanique d'un facteur 100. L'état du système après refroidissement opto-mécanique dépend par ailleurs de sa température initiale. Il est donc avantageux de placer l'échantillon dans un cryostat. L'appareil utilisé au cours de cette thèse permet de refroidir l'échantillon jusqu'à une température de 2,6 K. Les expériences de photonique en environnement cryogénique imposant des contraintes en terme de stabilité, il a été nécessaire de d'opter pour une approche avec guide d'onde intégré. Le développement de guides d'ondes entièrement suspendus a permis d'apporter et de collecter la lumière depuis le disque de manière optimale. Toutes ces efforts ont permis de descendre à un taux d'occupation mécanique de 30 quanta. Cependant de nombreuses améliorations peuvent encore être implémentées, afin d'ancrer ces résonateurs fermement dans l'état fondamental, ce qui permettrait d'effectuer par exemple des expériences d'intrication quantiqueThe main goal of this PhD work has been to reach the quantum ground state on gallium arsenide optomechanical disks. Quantum mechanics predict that the amount of energy within a given system cannot be brought to zero. Nevertheless a state of minimal energy exists, called the ground state. The physical mechanism used to extract energy from the system (and thus reach the ground state) is the optomechanical coupling. The miniature disks support optical and mechanical resonances, respectively called whispering gallery modes and radial breathing modes. The coupling between these two modes can be intuited as follows: when the disk breathes mechanically, its perimeter increases. The optical mode evolves now in a wider cavity, and its resonance wavelength therefore changes. Conversely, the optical mode exerts radiation pressure on the disk boundaries, which can either amplify or damp the mechanical motion. Optomechanical cooling is more efficient if the dissipation rates of the optical and mechanical resonances are low. An important part of this PhD work has therefore been dedicated to the reduction of dissipation. Technological efforts have been made to fabricate smooth and regular structures, so as to limit optical scattering. A novel approach consisting of a mechanical shield has allowed to reduce mechanical damping by a factor of 100. The system state after optomechanical cooling depends on its initial temperature. It is therefore advantageous to place the system in cryogenic environment prior to starting the optomechanical cooling. The apparatus used throughout this PhD work can cool the optomechanical device down to 2.6 K. As optical experiments in cryogenic environment require a good mechanical stability, it is necessary to opt for fully integrated devices where the optomechanical resonator and the waveguide bringing the light to it are processed on the same chip. The development of fully suspended waveguides has moreover allowed to inject and collect light from the device more efficiently. All these improvements have allowed to reach a state of 30 excitation quanta in the mechanical resonator. However many ideas can still be tried to keep enhancing the devices, so as to anchor them more firmly in the ground state. This would open the way to more advanced experiments, such as entanglement of mechanical oscillator

Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action

Abstract Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks

Entangling microwaves with light

Quantum entanglement is a key resource in currently developed quantum technologies. Sharing this fragile property between superconducting microwave circuits and optical or atomic systems would enable new functionalities, but this has been hindered by an energy scale mismatch of >104 and the resulting mutually imposed loss and noise. In this work, we created and verified entanglement between microwave and optical fields in a millikelvin environment. Using an optically pulsed superconducting electro-optical device, we show entanglement between propagating microwave and optical fields in the continuous variable domain. This achievement not only paves the way for entanglement between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light, but also has wide-ranging implications for hybrid quantum networks in the context of modularization, scaling, sensing, and cross-platform verification

Realizing a quantum-enabled interconnect between microwave and telecom light

We present a quantum-enabled microwave-telecom interface with bidirectional conversion efficiencies up to 15% and added input noise quanta as low as 0.16. Moreover, we observe evidence for electro-optic laser cooling and vacuum amplification

Entangling microwaves and telecom wavelength light

We entangled microwave and optical photons for the first time as verified by a measured two-mode vacuum squeezing of 0.7 dB. This electro-optic entanglement is the key resource needed to connect cryogenic quantum circuits

Bidirectional electro-optic wavelength conversion in the quantum ground state

This dataset comprises all data shown in the plots of the main part of the submitted article "Bidirectional Electro-Optic Wavelength Conversion in the Quantum Ground State". Additional raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request