Testing theories of mire development using multiple successions at Crymlyn Bog, West Glamorgan, South Wales, UK

1 Direct observations of long-term plant succession can be made using quantified plant macrofossil records from peat bogs, providing a means to re-evaluate theories of succession previously based on time-space substitution studies or field stratigraphic surveys. 2 Multiple successions from fen towards raised mire recorded at Crymlyn Bog demonstrate that divergent pathways exist, even when initial conditions are similar within a single bog. 3 Over time-scales relevant to the later stages of mire succession, allogenic forcing factors are significant and may be responsible for driving the direction and rate of species turnover in both forward and reversed hydroseral successions. 4 Differences in the local climatic regime may be responsible for the contrasting character of the mid- and late-Holocene transitional mire communities represented in Core CRB93 at Crymlyn Bog. 5 Plant macrofossil analyses show that Sphagnum is not always a dominant part of the mire community before the establishment of raised peats. Other species including Eriophorum vaginatum, may be equally important 'ecosystem engineers' at the fen–bog transition

The declining quality of late-Holocene ombrotrophic communities and the loss of Sphagnum austinii (Sull. ex Aust.) on raised bogs in Wales

The modern floristic composition of the principal raised bogs of Wales is significantly altered compared with their histories of development from the early to mid Holocene. This paper uses pollen and plant macrofossil records from two raised bogs together with previously published data from a further two sites to explore the key factors contributing to the present condition of Welsh ombrotrophic plant communities. Results show Betula and Molinia invasion is a recent feature of bog development in Wales. Previous Holocene 'dry-phases' were characterized by Ericaceae and Pinus establishment, supporting recent experimental evidence that Betula and Molinia encroachment is primarily a response to nitrogen (N) loading rather than desiccation on intact bogs. Several of the bogs featured in this study also show severe signs of structural damage, not only from peat cutting but, in the case of Cors Caron, from channel processes in the adjacent River Teifi. Radiocarbon dating and inter-site comparisons of peat accumulation rates show that Rhos Goch Common in particular has been heavily impacted by peripheral peat cutting, leading to dewatering, significant subsidence of its peat dome and the spread of hummock and high dry ridge communities. Finally, the decline and local extinction of Sphagnum austinii in bogs across Europe represents one of the most significant changes in ombrotrophic community composition in the late Holocene. Co-registered pollen and macrofossil evidence from Cors Caron demonstrates that increases in landuse intensity over the last 2000 years are temporally associated with reductions in the abundance of S. austinii and ultimately its local disappearance from the palaeoecological record

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess