30 research outputs found
Instability of the Gravitational N-Body Problem in the Large-N Limit
We use a systolic N-body algorithm to evaluate the linear stability of the
gravitational N-body problem for N up to 1.3 x 10^5, two orders of magnitude
greater than in previous experiments. For the first time, a clear ~ln
N-dependence of the perturbation growth rate is seen. The e-folding time for N
= 10^5 is roughly 1/20 of a crossing time.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa
Effects of High Fat Diet and Exercise on the Metabolism of Maternal Hearts during Pregnancy
Obesity has become a major concern for developed nations across the world, and the United States is the country which is most affected by this pandemic. Excess adiposity is known to cause chronic inflammation, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease: the leading cause of death for over a decade. With many women of reproductive age considered overweight or obese, the association between obesity and metabolic disorder is concerning. Positive metabolic health outcomes of offspring due to maternal exercise have been documented; however, little is known about how maternal exercise modifies high fat diet associated metabolic dysregulation upon mothers during gestation. The aim of our study was to determine whether maternal exercise before and during pregnancy would alleviate high fat diet-associated glucose and insulin resistance in high fat fed pregnant mice. Using C57BL/6 virgin female mice as a model, we fed the animals either a low fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal from fat) or a high fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal from fat) for twelve weeks, with an exercise intervention after four weeks (HFD+Ex), and pregnancy initiation after eight weeks of diet consumption. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed at day 15 of gestation. Prescribed diet and exercise (or sedentary) behavior continued throughout pregnancy until animals were sacrificed at the 19th day of gestation. The HFD animals experienced a significant increase in body weight, along with increased numbers of calories consumed per day, and exercise further increased body weight and food intake. Both the HFD and the HFD+Ex animals displayed impaired glucose and insulin tolerance testing when compared with the LFD animals. Interestingly, exercise improved serum insulin levels at termination. mRNA expression of genes involved in fatty acid and glucose metabolism were upregulated in the HFD+Ex animals compared with the HFD mice. Our study exhibits that the development of adiposity from the consumption of a high fat diet prior to pregnancy leads to detrimental maternal effects during late gestation, including higher body weight, and glucose tolerance. Surprisingly, the addition of exercise did not alter dam morphology or gestational glucose tolerance; however, it did improve serum insulin levels and metabolite handling in the heart
Chaos and stability in a two-parameter family of convex billiard tables
We study, by numerical simulations and semi-rigorous arguments, a
two-parameter family of convex, two-dimensional billiard tables, generalizing
the one-parameter class of oval billiards of Benettin--Strelcyn [Phys. Rev. A
17, 773 (1978)]. We observe interesting dynamical phenomena when the billiard
tables are continuously deformed from the integrable circular billiard to
different versions of completely-chaotic stadia. In particular, we conjecture
that a new class of ergodic billiard tables is obtained in certain regions of
the two-dimensional parameter space, when the billiards are close to skewed
stadia. We provide heuristic arguments supporting this conjecture, and give
numerical confirmation using the powerful method of Lyapunov-weighted dynamics.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures. Submitted for publication. Supplementary video
available at http://sistemas.fciencias.unam.mx/~dsanders
About ergodicity in the family of limacon billiards
By continuation from the hyperbolic limit of the cardioid billiard we show
that there is an abundance of bifurcations in the family of limacon billiards.
The statistics of these bifurcation shows that the size of the stable intervals
decreases with approximately the same rate as their number increases with the
period. In particular, we give numerical evidence that arbitrarily close to the
cardioid there are elliptic islands due to orbits created in saddle node
bifurcations. This shows explicitly that if in this one parameter family of
maps ergodicity occurs for more than one parameter the set of these parameter
values has a complicated structure.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure
Sensitivity of the eigenfunctions and the level curvature distribution in quantum billiards
In searching for the manifestations of sensitivity of the eigenfunctions in
quantum billiards (with Dirichlet boundary conditions) with respect to the
boundary data (the normal derivative) we have performed instead various
numerical tests for the Robnik billiard (quadratic conformal map of the unit
disk) for 600 shape parameter values, where we look at the sensitivity of the
energy levels with respect to the shape parameter. We show the energy level
flow diagrams for three stretches of fifty consecutive (odd) eigenstates each
with index 1,000 to 2,000. In particular, we have calculated the (unfolded and
normalized) level curvature distribution and found that it continuously changes
from a delta distribution for the integrable case (circle) to a broad
distribution in the classically ergodic regime. For some shape parameters the
agreement with the GOE von Oppen formula is very good, whereas we have also
cases where the deviation from GOE is significant and of physical origin. In
the intermediate case of mixed classical dynamics we have a semiclassical
formula in the spirit of the Berry-Robnik (1984) surmise. Here the agreement
with theory is not good, partially due to the localization phenomena which are
expected to disappear in the semiclassical limit. We stress that even for
classically ergodic systems there is no global universality for the curvature
distribution, not even in the semiclassical limit.Comment: 19 pages, file in plain LaTeX, 15 figures available upon request
Submitted to J. Phys. A: Math. Ge
Quantum chaos in a deformable billiard: Applications to quantum dots
We perform a detailed numerical study of energy-level and wavefunction
statistics of a deformable quantum billiard focusing on properties relevant to
semiconductor quantum dots. We consider the family of Robnik billiards
generated by simple conformal maps of the unit disk; the shape of this family
of billiards may be varied continuously at fixed area by tuning the parameters
of the map. The classical dynamics of these billiards is well-understood and
this allows us to study the quantum properties of subfamilies which span the
transition from integrability to chaos as well as families at approximately
constant degree of chaoticity (Kolmogorov entropy). In the regime of hard chaos
we find that the statistical properties of interest are well-described by
random-matrix theory and completely insensitive to the particular shape of the
dot. However in the nearly-integrable regime non-universal behavior is found.
Specifically, the level-width distribution is well-described by the predicted
distribution both in the presence and absence of magnetic flux when
the system is fully chaotic; however it departs substantially from this
behavior in the mixed regime. The chaotic behavior corroborates the previously
predicted behavior of the peak-height distribution for deformed quantum dots.
We also investigate the energy-level correlation functions which are found to
agree well with the behavior calculated for quasi-zero-dimensional disordered
systems.Comment: 25 pages (revtex 3.0). 16 figures are available by mail or fax upon
request at [email protected]
Edge Diffraction, Trace Formulae and the Cardioid Billiard
We study the effect of edge diffraction on the semiclassical analysis of two
dimensional quantum systems by deriving a trace formula which incorporates
paths hitting any number of vertices embedded in an arbitrary potential. This
formula is used to study the cardioid billiard, which has a single vertex. The
formula works well for most of the short orbits we analyzed but fails for a few
diffractive orbits due to a breakdown in the formalism for certain geometries.
We extend the symbolic dynamics to account for diffractive orbits and use it to
show that in the presence of parity symmetry the trace formula decomposes in an
elegant manner such that for the cardioid billiard the diffractive orbits have
no effect on the odd spectrum. Including diffractive orbits helps resolve peaks
in the density of even states but does not appear to affect their positions. An
analysis of the level statistics shows no significant difference between
spectra with and without diffraction.Comment: 25 pages, 12 Postscript figures. Published versio
Linear stability in billiards with potential
A general formula for the linearized Poincar\'e map of a billiard with a
potential is derived. The stability of periodic orbits is given by the trace of
a product of matrices describing the piecewise free motion between reflections
and the contributions from the reflections alone. For the case without
potential this gives well known formulas. Four billiards with potentials for
which the free motion is integrable are treated as examples: The linear
gravitational potential, the constant magnetic field, the harmonic potential,
and a billiard in a rotating frame of reference, imitating the restricted three
body problem. The linear stability of periodic orbits with period one and two
is analyzed with the help of stability diagrams, showing the essential
parameter dependence of the residue of the periodic orbits for these examples.Comment: 22 pages, LaTex, 4 Figure
Relevance of Chaos in Numerical Solutions of Quantum Billiards
In this paper we have tested several general numerical methods in solving the
quantum billiards, such as the boundary integral method (BIM) and the plane
wave decomposition method (PWDM). We performed extensive numerical
investigations of these two methods in a variety of quantum billiards:
integrable systens (circles, rectangles, and segments of circular annulus),
Kolmogorov-Armold-Moser (KAM) systems (Robnik billiards), and fully chaotic
systems (ergodic, such as Bunimovich stadium, Sinai billiard and cardiod
billiard). We have analyzed the scaling of the average absolute value of the
systematic error of the eigenenergy in units of the mean level
spacing with the density of discretization (which is number of numerical
nodes on the boundary within one de Broglie wavelength) and its relationship
with the geometry and the classical dynamics. In contradistinction to the BIM,
we find that in the PWDM the classical chaos is definitely relevant for the
numerical accuracy at a fixed density of discretization . We present
evidence that it is not only the ergodicity that matters, but also the Lyapunov
exponents and Kolmogorov entropy. We believe that this phenomenon is one
manifestation of quantum chaos.Comment: 20 Revtex pages, 10 Eps figure
Separating the regular and irregular energy levels and their statistics in Hamiltonian system with mixed classical dynamics
We look at the high-lying eigenstates (from the 10,001st to the 13,000th) in
the Robnik billiard (defined as a quadratic conformal map of the unit disk)
with the shape parameter . All the 3,000 eigenstates have been
numerically calculated and examined in the configuration space and in the phase
space which - in comparison with the classical phase space - enabled a clear
cut classification of energy levels into regular and irregular. This is the
first successful separation of energy levels based on purely dynamical rather
than special geometrical symmetry properties. We calculate the fractional
measure of regular levels as which is in remarkable
agreement with the classical estimate . This finding
confirms the Percival's (1973) classification scheme, the assumption in
Berry-Robnik (1984) theory and the rigorous result by Lazutkin (1981,1991). The
regular levels obey the Poissonian statistics quite well whereas the irregular
sequence exhibits the fractional power law level repulsion and globally
Brody-like statistics with . This is due to the strong
localization of irregular eigenstates in the classically chaotic regions.
Therefore in the entire spectrum we see that the Berry-Robnik regime is not yet
fully established so that the level spacing distribution is correctly captured
by the Berry-Robnik-Brody distribution (Prosen and Robnik 1994).Comment: 20 pages, file in plain LaTeX, 7 figures upon request submitted to J.
Phys. A. Math. Gen. in December 199