21,312 research outputs found
Inadequacy of Scaling Arguments for Neutrino Cross Sections
The problem with the use of scaling arguments for simultaneous studies of
different weak interaction processes is discussed. When different neutrino
scattering cross sections involving quite different momentum transfers are
being compared it difficult to define a meaningful single scaling factor to
renormalize calculated cross sections. It has been suggested that the use of
such scaling can be used to estimate high energy neutrino cross sections from
low energy neutrino cross sections. This argument has lead to questions on the
consistency of the magnitude of the LSND muon neutrino cross sections on
C relative to other lower energy weak processes. The issue is revisited
here and from inspection of the structure of the form factors involved it is
seen that the problem arises from a poor description of the transition form
factors at high momentum transfer. When wave functions that reproduce the
transverse magnetic inelastic (e,e') scattering form factor for the 15.11 MeV
state in C are used there is no longer a need for scaling the axial
current, and the different weak interactions rates involving the T=1 1
triplet in mass 12 are consistent with one another.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figur
TASP: Towards anonymity sets that persist
Anonymous communication systems are vulnerable to long term passive "intersection attacks". Not all users of an anonymous communication system will be online at the same time, this leaks some information about who is talking to who. A global passive adversary observing all communications can learn the set of potential recipients of a message with more and more confidence over time. Nearly all deployed anonymous communication tools offer no protection against such attacks. In this work, we introduce TASP, a protocol used by an anonymous communication system that mitigates intersection attacks by intelligently grouping clients together into anonymity sets. We find that with a bandwidth overhead of just 8% we can dramatically extend the time necessary to perform a successful intersection attack
Inter-limb strength asymmetry in adolescent distance runners: test-retest reliability and relationships with performance and running economy
The purpose of this investigation was, firstly, to quantify the test-retest reliability of strength measures in adolescent distance runners; and secondly, to explore the relationships between inter-limb strength asymmetry and performance and running economy (RE) in a similar cohort of young runners. For the reliability study, twelve (n=6 female) post-pubertal adolescent distance runners performed an isometric quarter-squat on a dual force plate and unilateral isometric hip extension and hip abduction tests on two occasions. For the correlation study, participants (n=31) performed the strength tests plus a submaximal incremental running assessment and a maximal running test. Running economy was expressed as the average energy cost of running for all speeds below lactate turnpoint and was scaled for body mass using a previously calculated power exponent. Allometrically scaled peak force during the quarter-squat and peak torque in the hip strength tasks showed acceptable levels of reproducibility (typical error ≤6.3%). Relationships between strength asymmetry and performance and RE were low or negligible (r0.05), except for hip abduction strength asymmetry and RE in the female participants (r=0.85, p<0.001, n=16). Practitioners should consider inter-limb hip abduction strength asymmetry on an individual level, and attempting to reduce this asymmetry in females may positively impact RE
Super star cluster feedback driving ionization, shocks and outflows in the halo of the nearby starburst ESO 338-IG04
Stellar feedback strongly affects the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies.
Stellar feedback in the first galaxies likely plays a major role in enabling
the escape of LyC photons, which contribute to the re-ionization of the
Universe. Nearby starburst galaxies serve as local analogues allowing for a
spatially resolved assessment of the feedback processes in these galaxies. We
characterize the feedback effects from the star clusters in the local
high-redshift analogue ESO 338-IG04 on the ISM and compare the results with the
properties of the most massive clusters. We use high quality VLT/MUSE optical
integral field data to derive the physical properties of the ISM such as
ionization, density, shocks, and perform new fitting of the spectral energy
distributions of the brightest clusters in ESO 338-IG04 from HST imaging. ESO
338-IG04 has a large ionized halo which we detect to a distance of 9 kpc. We
identify 4 Wolf-Rayet (WR) clusters based on the blue and red WR bump. We
follow previously identified ionization cones and find that the ionization of
the halo increases with distance. Analysis of the galaxy kinematics shows two
complex outflows driven by the numerous young clusters in the galaxy. We find a
ring of shocked emission traced by an enhanced [OI]/H ratio surrounding
the starburst and at the end of the outflow. Finally we detect nitrogen
enriched gas associated with the outflow, likely caused by the WR stars in the
massive star clusters. Photo-ionization dominates the central starburst and
sets the ionization structure of the entire halo, resulting in a density
bounded halo, facilitating the escape of LyC photons. Outside the central
starburst, shocks triggered by an expanding super bubble become important. The
shocks at the end of the outflow suggest interaction between the hot outflowing
material and the more quiescent halo gas.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 22 pages, 15
figure
MUSE Illuminates Channels for Lyman Continuum Escape in the Halo of SBS 0335-52E
We report on the discovery of ionised gas filaments in the circum-galactic
halo of the extremely metal-poor compact starburst SBS 0335-052E in a 1.5h
integration with the MUSE integral-field spectrograph. We detect these features
in H and [OIII] emission down to surface-brightness levels of erg scmarcsec. The filaments have
projected diameters of 2.1 kpc and extend more than 9 kpc to the north and
north-west from the main stellar body. We also detect extended nebular HeII
4686 emission that brightens towards the north-west at the rim of a
star-burst driven super-shell, suggestive of a locally enhanced UV radiation
field due to shocks. We also present a velocity field of the ionised gas. The
filaments appear to connect seamlessly in velocity space to the kinematical
disturbances caused by the shell. Similar to high- star-forming galaxies,
the ionised gas in this galaxy is dispersion dominated. We argue that the
filaments were created via feedback from the starburst and that these ionised
structures in the halo may act as escape channels for Lyman continuum radiation
in this gas-rich system.Comment: Revised version after peer review. Accepted for publication in A&A
letter
Aqueous-Based Extrusion Fabrication of Ceramics on Demand
Aqueous-Based Extrusion Fabrication is an additive manufacturing technique that
extrudes ceramic slurries of high solids loading layer by layer for part fabrication. The
material reservoir in a previously developed system has been modified to allow for
starting and stopping of the extrusion process on demand. Design pros and cons are
examined and a comparison between two material reservoir designs is made. Tests are
conducted to determine the optimal deposition parameters for starting and stopping the
extrudate on demand. The collected test data is used for the development of a deposition
strategy that improves material deposition consistency, including reduced material
buildup at sharp corners. Example parts are fabricated using the deposition strategy and
hardware design.Mechanical Engineerin
Quantum Density Fluctuations in Classical Liquids
We discuss the density fluctuations of a fluid due to zero point motion.
These can be regarded as density fluctuations in the phonon vacuum state. We
assume a linear dispersion relation with a fixed speed of sound and calculate
the density correlation function. We note that this function has the same form
as the correlation function for the time derivative of a relativistic massless
scalar field, but with the speed of light replaced by the speed of sound. As a
result, the study of density fluctuations in a fluid can be a useful analog
model for better understanding fluctuations in relativistic quantum field
theory. We next calculate the differential cross section for light scattering
by the zero point density fluctuations, and find a result proportional to the
fifth power of the light frequency. This can be understood as the product of
fourth power dependence of the usual Rayleigh cross section with the linear
frequency dependence of the spectrum of zero point density fluctuations. We
give some estimates of the relative magnitude of this effect compared to the
scattering by thermal density fluctuations, and find that it can be of order
0.5% for water at room temperature and optical frequencies. This relative
magnitude is proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to
temperature. Although the scattering by zero point density fluctuation is
small, it may be observable.Comment: 7 page
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