Summary table of 2-way repeated measures ANOVA showing main effect of group, time and group x time interaction for adherence, CD4 count, viral load and weight.

<p>Summary table of 2-way repeated measures ANOVA showing main effect of group, time and group x time interaction for adherence, CD4 count, viral load and weight.</p

Summary table of mixed repeated measures ANCOVA showing main effect of group, time and group x time interaction for adherence, CD4 count, viral load and weight.

<p>Summary table of mixed repeated measures ANCOVA showing main effect of group, time and group x time interaction for adherence, CD4 count, viral load and weight.</p

Baseline socio-demographic characteristics of respondents.

<p>Baseline socio-demographic characteristics of respondents.</p

Defects in nerve conduction velocity and different muscle fibre-type specificity contribute to muscle weakness in Ts1Cje Down syndrome mouse model - Fig 4

<p><b>The protein expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) markers in quadriceps and triceps (A) Soleus and EDL (B).</b> MyoD expression was found to be significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) upregulated in Ts1Cje quadriceps <b>(C).</b> There was a reduction trend of the expression levels of myogenin in the muscles screened in Ts1Cje male mice but it was statistically insignificant <b>(D).</b> Myf5 was significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) downregulated in the Ts1Cje triceps <b>(E).</b></p

Behavioural assessment of muscle weakness in Ts1Cje mouse.

<p>Forelimb grip strength was significantly (<i>P</i><0.0001) greater in the WT mice compared to the Ts1Cje mice for both genders (male: <i>P</i> = 0.0016; female: <i>P =</i> 0.0021) <b>(A).</b> For the hanging wire test, the survival proportion of the WT mice was significantly (<i>P</i><0.01) greater than that of the Ts1Cje mice <b>(B).</b> Ts1Cje mice had a significantly (<i>P</i><0.0001) greater number of falls compared to the WT mice for both genders <b>(C)</b>. At an accelerated speed of 4–64 rpm, the motor coordination of the WT mice was significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) greater than that of the Ts1Cje group <b>(D).</b> Asterisks *, **, *** and **** denote p <0.05, 0.005, 0.0005 and 0.0001 respectively.</p

Defects in nerve conduction velocity and different muscle fibre-type specificity contribute to muscle weakness in Ts1Cje Down syndrome mouse model - Fig 3

<p><b>Histomorphological assessment of the skeletal muscles in Ts1Cje male mice using haematoxylin & eosin stain (A)</b> ATPase stain <b>(B)</b> NADH diaphorase <b>(C)</b> and Cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase (D). Morphometric analysis of the H & E sections <b>(A)</b> showed no significant difference in the cross sectional area of the fibres in both quadriceps (<i>P</i> = 0.695) and triceps (<i>P</i> = 0.676) of Ts1Cje as compared with the WT male mice <b>(E).</b> Analysis of the ATPase <b>(B)</b> and NADH diaphorase <b>(C)</b> stained sections indicated that the population of type I fibres was significantly (<i>P</i><0.001) higher in the quadriceps and triceps of WT male mice than that of Ts1Cje male mice both in ATPase <b>(F)</b> and NADH diaphorase <b>(G).</b> The percentage population of COX-negative fibres <b>(D)</b> in Ts1Cje male mice was significantly higher (<i>P</i><0.01) in both in quadriceps and triceps as compared with the WT male mice <b>(H).</b></p

Nerve conduction velocity analysis.

<p>Measurement of electrophysiological activities of the sciatic nerve <i>in vivo</i> showing the different positions of the electrodes <b>(A).</b> The nerve conduction velocity was significantly higher in WT adult (<i>P</i> = 0.0009) but not significant in ageing WT male mice (<i>P</i> = 0.1418) as compared to the Ts1Cje male mice <b>(B).</b> Asterisks * and *** denote p <0.05, and 0.0005 respectively.</p