Neuropathic Bladder Caused by Caudal Regression Syndrome without Any Other Neurogenic Symptoms

Caudal regression syndrome (CRS) is a rare congenital vertebral anomaly, which occurs most often in combination with spinal cord malformations and morphologic dysfunctions of the lower extremities; these signs are useful for both patients and clinicians in the diagnosis of this syndrome. However, in certain cases, clinicians have failed to identify the syndrome due to the lack of apparent anomalies, resulting in the progression of renal dysfunction caused by neuropathic bladder when CRS is eventually identified. Here, we report a case of a 2-year-old girl who was referred to our hospital for vesicoureteral reflux. At examination, she presented no neurological symptoms; however, on cystourethrography and CT scanning we found that the sacral bone was absent, through which CRS was diagnosed. A urodynamic study indicated detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, and clean intermittent catheterization was initiated. In the present report, we describe a case of CRS with no neurologic symptoms other than a neuropathic bladder. The lack of outward signs can result in delayed diagnosis. Thus, urological examinations, including a urodynamic study, might be the only clue for identifying an underlying neurologic injury involving the lower spinal cord

Experimental Evaluation of Learning Effect of Problem-Simplification for Self-overcoming of Failures: The Case of Music Rhythm Exercises

音楽リズム演奏課題を対象とした演習システムのために設計・開発した単純化方略による誤り克服支援機能の有効性を，この支援機能を用いた演習を受ける実験群と支援機能を用いない演習を受ける統制群を設け，実験的に調べたので報告する

Relationship between Nitrogen Concentration and Ammonia Oxidizing Microbes in the Japanese Cedar Forest Soils under Different Managements

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