STUDI KOMPARASI PENDAPAT ULAMA SYAFI’IYAH DAN ULAMA HANAFIYAH TENTANG KEDEWASAAN DALAM PERNIKAHAN

Kedewasaan yaitu mukallaf dan ar-rusyd. Mukallaf ialah seseorang yang bisa dibebani tanggung jawab atau cakap hukum, ditandai dengan mimpi basah untuk ukuran laki-laki dan keluarnya darah haidh untuk perempuan. Sedangkan ar-rusyd yaitu seseorang yang baik akalnya (tidak cacat). Kepantasan dalam bertasarruf serta mendatangkan kebaikan untuk dirinya sendiri dan untuk orang lain.Kedewasaan dalam pernikahan berarti ketika seesorang sudah sampai usia untuk menikah, yakni sampai bermimpi untuk laki-laki. Pada umur ini seorang laki-laki sudah bisa memberikan keturunan dan tergerak hatinya untuk menikah. Pada usia ini sudah sudah bisa diberikan beban hukum-hukum agama, seperti ibadah dan muamalah. Menurut rasyid rishi dalam pengertian Ar-Rusyd yaitu kepantasan seseorang dalam bertasharruf serta mendatangkan kebaikan untk dirinya sendiri maupun untuk orang lain. Semua itu bukti tentang kedewasaan secara akal nya.Adapun tujuan dari penelitihan ini adalah Untuk mengetahui pendapat dan juga perbedaan pendapat ulama Syafi'iyah dan ulama hanafiyah terhadap kedewasaan dalam pernikahan. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada kesamaan dan perbedaan dari kedua pendapat Ulama ini. Ulama Syafiiyah memberikan batas bahwa seseorang sudah dianggap dewasa ketika berusia 15 tahun untuk laki-laki dan 9 tahun untuk perempuan, selain itu juga dapat menjaga amanah dengan baik (dapat diberi tanggung jawab). Ulama Hanafiyah memberikan batas kedewasaan 6 tahun untuk perempuan dan 15 tahun untuk laki-laki

An economic analysis of crude oil exploration in Saskatchewan and Alberta

The International market of crude oil and natural gas is well established and very competitive. Knowledge about costs is important in helping to understand the current position of producers within the industry. In the eyes of the producers, the lower the costs the more profitable they will become given the price of crude. This thesis focuses on an economic analysis of crude oil exploration in Saskatchewan and Alberta. In a competitive market, the producers require estimates of finding costs in both regions. The public policies that are designed to encourage crude exploration also rely heavily on reliable estimates of these costs. The results show that Saskatchewan’s per-unit finding cost is significantly lower than Alberta’s in spite of the geological differences between the two provinces. The finding costs are estimated by using a methodology (Uhler 1979) that has been widely accepted within economic literature of non-renewable resources. The results support the hypothesis that finding costs in both regions are increasing and the argument that these costs will converge in the long-run, except for the last six years of the analysis

Rudolf Suhrmann

Nachruf der Braunschweigischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft gehalten in der Plenarsitzung am 19. Januar 197

Molekularer Transport in porösen Netzwerken - Adsorbentien, Katalysatoren

Poröse Feststoffe, wie Silikagel, Aktivkohle, Zeolithe, Pellets aus feinteiligen Oxiden oder keramische Materialien, spielen in der Technik eine große Rolle. Insbesondere handelt es sich dabei um Prozesse der Stofftrennung und der Heterogenen Katalyse. Beispiele sind die Trennung von Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Petrolchemie oder die Luftzerlegung durch Adsorptionsverfahren. Ferner katalytische Reaktionen, wobei poröse Feststoffe als Katalysator oder Träger für Katalysatoren dienen. Entscheidend ist in allen Fällen die Größe und Zugänglichkeit der inneren Oberfläche der porösen Festkörper. Hierfür ist maßgebend die Porosität, die Verteilung der Porenweiten dp, sowie die Porentextur und Vernetzung. Man unterscheidet Makroporen dp > 50 nm, Mesoporen 2 < dp < 50 nm und Mikroporen dp < 2 nm. Typischerweise beträgt für mesoporöse Adsorbentien und Katalysatoren die spezifische Oberfläche lO bis 200 m2/g. Poröse Feststoffe, wie Silikagel, können aus unregelmäßig verzweigten Netzwerken von Makro-, Meso- und Mikroporen bestehen. Andererseits können in kompaktierten Pellets mesoporöse Haufwerke von massiven Teilchen unterschiedlicher Größe und Gestalt vorliegen. Bei Pellets aus Zeolithen handelt es sich um Aggregate aus mikroporösen Kristalliten, die durch Bindemittel miteinander verbunden sind

On the sintering of single crystal rutile

The sintering of single crystal rutile spheres has been studied in air and in reducing atmosphere in the temperature range 900 to 1350[deg]C. The rate of sintering is characterized by two stages: a slow initial one, followed by a more rapid period. Simultaneously with the change in sintering rate, flat surfaces develop on the rutile spheres. It is suggested that this phenomenon is responsible for the change in sintering rate.From qualitative and quantitative evidence, it is concluded that surface diffusion is the transport process controlling sintering under the conditions of the present studies. The results of this investigation are at variance with those of previous studies. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33417/1/0000818.pd

Vacancy ordering and electronic structure of gamma-Fe2O3 (maghemite): a theoretical investigation

The crystal structure of the iron oxide gamma-Fe2O3 is usually reported in either the cubic system (space group P4332) with partial Fe vacancy disorder or in the tetragonal system (space group P41212) with full site ordering and c/a\approx 3. Using a supercell of the cubic structure, we obtain the spectrum of energies of all the ordered configurations which contribute to the partially disordered P4332 cubic structure. Our results show that the configuration with space group P41212 is indeed much more stable than the others, and that this stability arises from a favourable electrostatic contribution, as this configuration exhibits the maximum possible homogeneity in the distribution of iron cations and vacancies. Maghemite is therefore expected to be fully ordered in equilibrium, and deviations from this behaviour should be associated with metastable growth, extended anti-site defects and surface effects in the case of small nanoparticles. The confirmation of the ordered tetragonal structure allows us to investigate the electronic structure of the material using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The inclusion of a Hubbard (DFT+U) correction allows the calculation of a band gap in good agreement with experiment. The value of the gap is dependent on the electron spin, which is the basis for the spin-filtering properties of maghemite.Comment: 19 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures. To appear in the Journal of Physics - Condensed Matter (2010)

Preventing Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis through the Inhibition of Its Agglutination in Blood

Staphylococcus aureus infection is a frequent cause of sepsis in humans, a disease associated with high mortality and without specific intervention. When suspended in human or animal plasma, staphylococci are known to agglutinate, however the bacterial factors responsible for agglutination and their possible contribution to disease pathogenesis have not yet been revealed. Using a mouse model for S. aureus sepsis, we report here that staphylococcal agglutination in blood was associated with a lethal outcome of this disease. Three secreted products of staphylococci - coagulase (Coa), von Willebrand factor binding protein (vWbp) and clumping factor (ClfA) – were required for agglutination. Coa and vWbp activate prothrombin to cleave fibrinogen, whereas ClfA allowed staphylococci to associate with the resulting fibrin cables. All three virulence genes promoted the formation of thromboembolic lesions in heart tissues. S. aureus agglutination could be disrupted and the lethal outcome of sepsis could be prevented by combining dabigatran-etexilate treatment, which blocked Coa and vWbp activity, with antibodies specific for ClfA. Together these results suggest that the combined administration of direct thrombin inhibitors and ClfA-antibodies that block S. aureus agglutination with fibrin may be useful for the prevention of staphylococcal sepsis in humans