Physical Characterization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Blends as Biofuel

Palm oil has been accepted to be used as fuel with the introduction of petroleum diesel and Palm Methyl Ester (PME) in 2014. The high cost is the major drawback of PME. Not only PME is derived from an expensive low Free Fatty Acid (FFA) feedstock, the cost to convert FFA to PME through the process of trans esterification and purification of palm oil fatty acid is also expensive. Alternative feedstock of FFA is palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD is a by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) refining. It is inedible and a low price palm oil product making it attractive as a feedstock for biofuel. The high viscosity of PFAD can be reduced by blending it with diesel fuel. Five blends of PFAD and diesel blends with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% volumetric ratio were produced in this study. The physical properties of the blends such as density, viscosity, surface tension and flash point were determined and the results were compared to the Malaysian Standard for Diesel Fuel (MS123:2014). The results show that all properties of the blends are within the acceptable value for diesel fuel

Physical Characterization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Blends as Biofuel

Palm oil has been accepted to be used as fuel with the introduction of petroleum diesel and Palm Methyl Ester (PME) in 2014. The high cost is the major drawback of PME. Not only PME is derived from an expensive low Free Fatty Acid (FFA) feedstock, the cost to convert FFA to PME through the process of trans esterification and purification of palm oil fatty acid is also expensive. Alternative feedstock of FFA is palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD is a by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) refining. It is inedible and a low price palm oil product making it attractive as a feedstock for biofuel. The high viscosity of PFAD can be reduced by blending it with diesel fuel. Five blends of PFAD and diesel blends with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% volumetric ratio were produced in this study. The physical properties of the blends such as density, viscosity, surface tension and flash point were determined and the results were compared to the Malaysian Standard for Diesel Fuel (MS123:2014). The results show that all properties of the blends are within the acceptable value for diesel fuel

Balancing food security and greenhouse gas emissions from meat and milk production in SE Asia to 2050

Southeast Asia's human population is expected to rise by 100M by 2030, with an associated rise in animal product output in the region's low to middle income countries. Those with the largest population are forecast to continue their increasing poultry consumption. Regional pig meat consumption is also to rise, largely due to China, but much less in Muslim dominant countries. The forecast growth in the regional ruminant population is more modest and the greenhouse gas (GHG) cost per unit of human food protein generated is much higher for ruminants (3.5 - 5.5 kg/ kg protein) than for pigs (0.3 - 0.5kg/kg) or poultry food protein ( <0.1 kg/kg). Changing human diets away from ruminant or any animal sourced protein, is being explored to increase the human food supply at a- lower GHG cost. However, with smallholder livestock production systems dominant across many regional countries, the positive social, land-use and broader economic roles of ruminants need consideration. Strategies to expand ruminant production but at a reduced GHG cost (emission intensity) are being pursued. Increasing individual animal product output through simple animal health and nutritional management decisions, can allow future food targets to be met at a lower GHG cost than if this additional food was produced by business-as-usual production systems. Since the Paris Agreement recognizes the priority of food provision over emission abatement, it seems reasonable that much of SE Asia should pursue emission intensity targets rather than absolute emissions targets, and reflect this in their Nationally Determined Contributions