Antioxidant effects of proanthocyanidin from grape seed on hepatic tissue injury in diabetic rats

Objective(s): Diabetes plays an important role in the induction of the liver injury. Grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) have a wide range of medicinal properties against oxidative stress. In this study we evaluated antioxidant effects of GSP on liver in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, untreated diabetic and diabetic rats treated with GSP. Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). GSP were administered via oral gavage (200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Results: GSP produced significant hepatoprotective effects by decreasing activities of serum aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase, and decreasing liver malondialdehyde and bilirubin (P<0.05) levels. It increased liver superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities and albumin level (P<0.05). Administration of GSP significantly ameliorated structural changes induced in liver of diabetic rats. Conclusion: GSP have protective effects against hepatic tissue injury due to antioxidant properties

Monitoring of THMs Concentration in Isfahan Water Distribution System and Zoning by GIS, a Case Study in the Center of Iran

Trihalomethanes (THMs) formation in treated water is a consequence of a reaction between the chlorine used for water disinfection and some natural organic matters. The objectives of the present study were monitoring of THMs concentration in Isfahan (A metropolis city in center of Iran) water distribution network (IWDN), evaluation factors that affect the THMs formation potential and identification of critical points by using geographical information system (GIS). The study was performed in summer months of 2014. For sampling point's selection, city divided into 30 zones and water quality parameters such as pH, Electric Conductivity (EC), residual Chlorine, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and THMs of IWDN measured. Multi regression analysis was used to estimate the correlation between THMs formation and these variables. While the statistical analysis with Spearman non-parametric correlation coefficients showed a positive correlation between distance from treatment plant and THMs concentration(r=0.45, P =0.01) and negative strong correlation(r=-0.95, p>0.001) between THMs and TOC concentrations, there was no strong significant relationship between THMs formation in IWDN and some variables including pH, temperature and residual Chlorine. The results reveal that the average value of the THMs at sampling points for summer attained 42.56 ppb which was lower than the EPA and WHO standards. It is recommended that the distance from the treatment plant was used as an effective parameter for estimation of THMs formation potential

Monitoring of THMs Concentration in Isfahan Water Distribution System and Zoning by GIS, a Case Study in the Center of Iran

Trihalomethanes (THMs) formation in treated water is a consequence of a reaction between the chlorine used for water disinfection and some natural organic matters. The objectives of the present study were monitoring of THMs concentration in Isfahan (A metropolis city in center of Iran) water distribution network (IWDN), evaluation factors that affect the THMs formation potential and identification of critical points by using geographical information system (GIS). The study was performed in summer months of 2014. For sampling point's selection, city divided into 30 zones and water quality parameters such as pH, Electric Conductivity (EC), residual Chlorine, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and THMs of IWDN measured. Multi regression analysis was used to estimate the correlation between THMs formation and these variables. While the statistical analysis with Spearman non-parametric correlation coefficients showed a positive correlation between distance from treatment plant and THMs concentration(r=0.45, P =0.01) and negative strong correlation(r=-0.95, p>0.001) between THMs and TOC concentrations, there was no strong significant relationship between THMs formation in IWDN and some variables including pH, temperature and residual Chlorine. The results reveal that the average value of the THMs at sampling points for summer attained 42.56 ppb which was lower than the EPA and WHO standards. It is recommended that the distance from the treatment plant was used as an effective parameter for estimation of THMs formation potential

Removal of Humic Substances from Water by Advanced Oxidation Process Using UV/TiO2 Photo Catalytic Technology

Humic substances have been known as precursors to disinfection by-products. Because conventional treatment processes cannot meet disinfection by-product standards, novel methods have been increasingly applied for the removal of disinfection by-products precursors. The UV/TiO2 process is one of the advanced oxidation processes using the photocatalytic technology. The most important advantages of this process are its stability and high efficiency removal. The present study aims to investigate the effect of UV/TiO2 photo-catalytic technology on removal of humic substances. The study was conducted in a lab-scale batch photo-catalytic reactor using the interval experimental method. The UV irradiation source was a low pressure mercury vapor lamp 55w that was axially centered and was immersed in a humic acids solution within a stainless steel tubular 2.8 L reaction volume. Each of the samples taken from the UV/TiO2 process and other processes studied were analyzed for their dissolved organic carbon, UV absorbance at 254nm, and specific UV254 absorbance. The results indicated the high efficiency of the UV/TiO2 photo-catalytic process (TiO2=0.1 g/L and pH=5), compared to other processes, for humic substances removal from water sources. The process was also found to be capable of decreasing the initial dissolved organic carbon from 5 to 0.394 mg/L. The Specific UV254 Absorbance of 2.79 L/mg.m was attained after 1.5 hr. under photo-catalytic first order reaction (k= 0.0267 min-1). It may be concluded that the UV/TiO2 process can provide desirable drinking water quality in terms of humic substance content

Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Potential of a Water Treatment Plant

Please cite this article as: Hoseinzadeh E, Yusefzadeh A, Rahimi N, Khorsandi H. Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Potential of a Water Treatment Plant. Arch Hyg Sci 2013;2(2):41-47. Background & Aims of the Study: We evaluated corrosion and scaling potential of water treated by “Takab city (Western Iran) water treatment plant (called Chahar Tagh facilities)” using field observation of water treatment plant, and study of physical and chemical parameter values of water. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, during a 10-month period (from January to October 2012) in each month, 15 grab samples with 2 to 3 L of water were collected for analysis. Some physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, calcium and magnesium hardness, calcium and magnesium ions concentration, total alkalinity, bicarbonate concentration and electrical conductivity were measured. The corrosion and scaling potential of water were calculated by Langelier saturation index (LSI), Risnar index (RI), aggressive index (AI) and Puckorius scaling index (PSI). Results: Values recorded for all physicochemical parameters were in acceptable standard levels. The calculated values of LSI index indicated slightly scale forming and corrosive, RI index showed heavy corrosion, AI index showed water is non-aggressive and based on PSI index results water is likely to dissolve scale. Based on LSI, RI, AI and PSI monthly indices results the water of water treatment plant showed a uniform quality of corrosion and precipitation potential. Conclusions: The results showed that values of all measured physical and chemical parameters were in the range of national and international standards. Based on LSI and AI indices results, water tends to scale forming while based on RI and PSI indices results water tend to be corrosive

Investigation of Nitrogenous and Algal Oxygen Demand Effect on Quality Evaluation of Effluent from Aerated Lagoons

In this descriptive study, samples of the effluent from the maturation pond following the Miandoab aerated lagoons were measured in accordance with Standard Methods. The measurements were done with and without filtration in the presence and absence of nitrification inhibitor. The results were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance by SPSS version 16. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences in the annual mean five-day biochemical and chemical oxygen demand within paired groups (

Tetracycline Removal from Wastewater and Electricity Generation in Microbial Electro-Fenton System in Different Electrical Circuit Conditions

Background and purpose: Microbial electro-Fenton system as a novel technology can be employed in removal of resistant organic pollutants along with generation of renewable electrical energy through the activity of anaerobic microorganisms. This study aimed at investigating the performance of this process in treatment of synthetic wastewater containing tetracycline and generation of electricity in different electrical circuit conditions. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, a two-chambered microbial electro-Fenton reactor equipped with anodic and cathodic carbon felt electrodes and Nafion membrane, along with 2000 mg/L substrate and anaerobic sludge as inoculum in anodic chamber and 10 mg/L tetracycline in cathodic chamber was used in open, closed, and short circuit conditions. The effect of electrical circuit type on the removal efficiency of tetracycline and generation of electrical energy was investigated during the operation of the reactor. Results: Microbial electro-Fenton system was found to be more efficient in removal of tetracycline in short circuit condition due to improved generation of current density. In this study, 260 mV and 93.13 mW/m2 in current density of 695 mA/m2 were obtained in short circuit conditions. Conclusion: The study showed that the microbial electro-Fenton system can be utilized as a suitable method in removal of various pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater while producing renewable and clean energy in open, closed, and short electrical circuits