Deep eutectic solvent-ultrasound assisted extraction as a green approach for enhanced extraction of naringenin from Searsia tripartita and retained their bioactivities

BackgroundNaringenin (NA) is a natural flavonoid used in the formulation of a wide range of pharmaceutical, fragrance, and cosmetic products. In this research, NA was extracted from Searsia tripartita using an environmentally friendly, high efficiency extraction method: an ultrasound-assisted extraction with deep eutectic solvents (UAE-DES).MethodsSix natural deep eutectic solvent systems were tested. Choline chloride was used as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), and formic acid, ethylene glycol, lactic acid, urea, glycerol, and citric acid were used as hydrogen bond donors (HBD).ResultsBased on the results of single-factor experiments, response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design was applied to determine the optimal conditions for UAE-DES. According to the results, the optimal NA extraction parameters were as follows: DES-1 consisted of choline chloride (HBA) and formic acid (HBD) in a mole ratio of 2:1, an extraction time of 10 min, an extraction temperature of 50°C, an ultrasonic amplitude of 75 W, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1/60 g/mL. Extracted NA was shown to inhibit the activity of different enzymes in vitro, including α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase.ConclusionThus, the UAE-DES technique produced high-efficiency NA extraction while retaining bioactivity, implying broad application potential, and making it worthy of consideration as a high-throughput green extraction method

Effets de la fertilisation phosphatée sur la mycorhization, la croissance et la nutrition en phosphore et en azote de semis de Cèdre (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) inoculés en pépinière par Tricholoma tridentinum Sing. var. cedretorum Bon

Effects of P-fertilization on the mycorrhization, growth and nutrition (P, N) of Cedrus atlantica Manetti seedlings inoculated in nursery with mycelia of Tricholoma tridentinum Sing. var. cedretorum Bon. In order to study the effects in nursery of phosphorus fertilization on the growth and the mycorrhizal infection of Cedrus atlantica Manetti by Tricholoma tridentinum, seedlings grown in containers have been inoculated and fertilized with three nutrient solutions containing 0, 43.4 or 86.8 mg l$^{-1}$ of P. Six months after inoculation, the percentages of mycorrhizal root tips were determined and the total and viable mycelium contents in the roots were estimated by fungal glucosamine and ergosterol assay, respectively. The highest degree of mycorrhizal infection was obtained in seedlings fertilized with 43.4 mg l$^{-1}$ P. Fertilisation with 86.8 mg l$^{-1}$ P reduced significantly the percentage of mycorrhizal root tips, the total and viable mycelium contents in roots obtained with 43.4 mg l$^{-1}$ P. Mycorrhization of seedlings did not significantly affect neither their growth nor their phosphorus and nitrogen contents. Quality of seedlings correspond to the norms required for the production of containerized Cedar seedlings.Afin d'étudier les effets en pépinière de la fertilisation phosphatée sur la croissance et la mycorhization de Cedrus atlantica Manetti par Tricholoma tridentinum, des semis cultivés pendant deux mois et demi en conteneurs ont été inoculés puis fertilisés pendant 10 semaines avec une solution nutritive contenant 0, 43,4 ou 86,8 mg l$^{-1}$ de phosphore (P). Six mois après l'inoculation, les pourcentages d'apex mycorhizés ont été déterminés et les teneurs en mycélium total et viable des racines ont été estimées respectivement par les dosages de la glucosamine fongique et de l'ergostérol. Les degrés de mycorhization par T. tridentinum les plus élevés ont été obtenus avec 43,4 mg l$^{-1}$ de P. Une fertilisation en P de 86,8 mg l$^{-1}$ a réduit significativement le pourcentage d'apex racinaires mycorhizés et les teneurs des racines en mycélium total et viable obtenus avec un apport de modéré de P (43,4 mg l$^{-1}$). La mycorhization des cèdres par T. tridentinum n'affecte significativement ni leur croissance, ni leurs contenus en phosphore et en azote. La qualité des plants est conforme aux normes requises pour les cèdres produits en conteneurs dans la région méditerranéenne française

Effets de la fertilisation phosphatée sur la mycorhization, la croissance et la nutrition en phosphore et en azote de semis de Cèdre (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) inoculés en pépinière par Tricholoma tridentinum Sing. var. cedretorum Bon

Effects of P-fertilization on the mycorrhization, growth and nutrition (P, N) of Cedrus atlantica Manetti seedlings inoculated in nursery with mycelia of Tricholoma tridentinum Sing. var. cedretorum Bon. In order to study the effects in nursery of phosphorus fertilization on the growth and the mycorrhizal infection of Cedrus atlantica Manetti by Tricholoma tridentinum, seedlings grown in containers have been inoculated and fertilized with three nutrient solutions containing 0, 43.4 or 86.8 mg l$^{-1}$ of P. Six months after inoculation, the percentages of mycorrhizal root tips were determined and the total and viable mycelium contents in the roots were estimated by fungal glucosamine and ergosterol assay, respectively. The highest degree of mycorrhizal infection was obtained in seedlings fertilized with 43.4 mg l$^{-1}$ P. Fertilisation with 86.8 mg l$^{-1}$ P reduced significantly the percentage of mycorrhizal root tips, the total and viable mycelium contents in roots obtained with 43.4 mg l$^{-1}$ P. Mycorrhization of seedlings did not significantly affect neither their growth nor their phosphorus and nitrogen contents. Quality of seedlings correspond to the norms required for the production of containerized Cedar seedlings.Afin d'étudier les effets en pépinière de la fertilisation phosphatée sur la croissance et la mycorhization de Cedrus atlantica Manetti par Tricholoma tridentinum, des semis cultivés pendant deux mois et demi en conteneurs ont été inoculés puis fertilisés pendant 10 semaines avec une solution nutritive contenant 0, 43,4 ou 86,8 mg l$^{-1}$ de phosphore (P). Six mois après l'inoculation, les pourcentages d'apex mycorhizés ont été déterminés et les teneurs en mycélium total et viable des racines ont été estimées respectivement par les dosages de la glucosamine fongique et de l'ergostérol. Les degrés de mycorhization par T. tridentinum les plus élevés ont été obtenus avec 43,4 mg l$^{-1}$ de P. Une fertilisation en P de 86,8 mg l$^{-1}$ a réduit significativement le pourcentage d'apex racinaires mycorhizés et les teneurs des racines en mycélium total et viable obtenus avec un apport de modéré de P (43,4 mg l$^{-1}$). La mycorhization des cèdres par T. tridentinum n'affecte significativement ni leur croissance, ni leurs contenus en phosphore et en azote. La qualité des plants est conforme aux normes requises pour les cèdres produits en conteneurs dans la région méditerranéenne française

Ectomycorhization de Cedrus atlantica en conditions contrôlées : efficacité de deux formes d'inoculum mycélien

Ectomycorrhization of Cedrus atlantica seedlings under controlled conditions: Efficiency of two forms of mycelial inocula. The effect of two mycelial inocula (mycelia grown in peat-vermiculite saturated by a nutritive medium, or entrapped into alginate) of two ectomycorrhizal species (Tricholoma tridentinum var. cedretorum and Hebeloma sinapizans) was tested, under controlled conditions, on the mycorrhization of Cedar seedlings grown on mineral substrate. One year after inoculation, the percentage of infected root tips and root ergosterol contents were higher with cedars inoculated using T. tridentinum peat-vermiculite inoculum than using alginate one. The opposite results were obtained with H. sinapizans. The degrees of mycorrhization of the seedlings inoculated with T. tridentinum were higher than those of the seedlings inoculated with H. sinapizans. The mycorrhization of Cedrus atlantica seedlings using mycelial inocula was thus performed under controlled conditions which may be reproducible. The consequences of the inoculation of seedlings on their shoot and/or root biomass vary with the inoculum form and fungal species.L'effet de la forme de l'inoculum (obtenu sur tourbe-vermiculite ou par inclusion dans l'alginate) de Tricholoma tridentinum var. cedretorum et Hebeloma sinapizans sur la mycorhization de semis du Cèdre de l'Atlas, cultivés sur un substrat minéral, a été expérimenté en conditions contrôlées. L'utilisation de mycélium de T. tridentinum développé sur tourbe-vermiculite permet d'obtenir des degrés de mycorhization supérieurs à ceux enregistrés en employant du mycélium du même champignon inclus dans l'alginate, un an après l'inoculation. Le résultat inverse a été obtenu avec H. sinapizans. Les pourcentages d'apex mycorhizés et les teneurs en mycélium viable des racines des plants inoculés par T. tridentinum ont été supérieurs à ceux des plants inoculés avec H. sinapizans. L'obtention de mycorhizes à l'aide d'inocula mycéliens, a été réalisée sur le Cèdre de l'Atlas dans des conditions contrôlées et reproductibles. L'inoculation des semis par du mycélium d'H. sinapizans cultivé sur substrat solide a stimulé la biomasse de leurs parties aériennes et racinaires alors que l'inoculum de T. tridentinum, produit sur le même substrat, n'a permis d'augmenter significativement que la biomasse des racines. L'inoculation des plants par du mycélium d'H. sinapizans inclus dans l'alginate n'a été bénéfique que pour la biomasse de leurs parties aériennes

Calibration and evaluation of ArchiSimple, a simple model of root system architecture

International audienceModels of the root system architecture are useful tools for studying the plant-soil system. They include several interesting characteristics: (i) they simulate both the structure and spatial distribution of the root system; (ii) they allow a straightforward integration of developmental processes at the root level (e.g. elongation, branching) and their interaction with soil properties; (iii) they enable the simulation of root-shoot interactions via plant resources or signals. However, few of them have been integrated into larger crop or ecosystem models, probably because they are too complex, or too specific to given species or stages. A simple and generic model (ArchiSimple) is presented which avoids these drawbacks. This model has been designed to enable the representation of the architectural diversity coming from various plant species interacting with various environmental conditions. In comparison to previous models, it is a new conceptual framework which assumes that most variations of developmental characteristics of the roots can be summarized by the size of their tip. Thus, two robust and important relationships are included: elongation rate versus root tip diameter; diameter of lateral roots versus diameter of their mother roots. These relationships allow representing the distribution and dynamics of root diameters. The model parameters are concrete, and can be estimated independently from data coming either from specific experiments or from the literature. The calibration procedure is illustrated for a number of species and for the main processes, namely emission, elongation and branching. Beyond the acquisition of specific parameters, and their possible comparison, the approach allowed the critical evaluation of the basic sub-models which are included in the whole simulator