Prevalence of Rabies in Various Species in Yemen and Risk Factors Contributing to the Spread of the Disease

Objectives: This study aimed to describe for the first time the prevalence of the passively-reported rabies virus among different domestic and wild animals submitted to the Central Veterinary Laboratory from various areas in Yemen, and to study prevalence proportion ratios (PPR) that contributed to the spread of rabies among animals, and its transmission to humans. Methods: A brain sample was obtained from each of the 180 animals and tested for rabies virus by a direct fluorescent antibody test. Results: Out of the total number of animals involved in attacks on humans, 63.3 % were positive for rabies. Of these, dogs were the main animal involved in attacks with a percentage of 92%, of which 62.7% were positive for rabies. Of animals involved in attacks, 70.6% were males of which 60.6% were positive, and 29.4% were females of which 69.8% were positive. Males comprised 68.9% of the total human individuals attacked, of whom 62.9% were attacked by rabies-positive animals. The significant risk factors that contributed to the spread of rabies in general included the presence of poultry carcasses and other waste in the vicinity of the attacks (PPR = 9.5) with a percentage of 84.8%, followed by the time of year, in particular school vacations (PPR = 3.8) with a percentage of 78%. Conclusion: Rabies is endemic in Yemen with a very high rabies-positive rate for animals involved in attacks, particularly for stray male dogs. Male children were most often involved in attacks by rabies-positive animals. The presence of food waste (particularly poultry carcasses) and school vacation periods were found to correlate significantly with increased risk for human exposure to rabies

Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations of Yemeni Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objectives: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by multi-systemic involvement. This is the first study undertaken to determine the relationships between serological marker positivity and age, gender, signs and symptoms, risk factors and the treatment of SLE in Yemen. Methods: We investigated the cases of 149 patients with SLE admitted to Al-Thawra Hospital in Sana’a city between November 2009 and November 2010. Of the 149 patients, females represented 75.2% and males, 24.8%. Results: The most frequent presenting signs and symptoms were fatigue (84.6%), fever (81.9%), arthropathy (81.2%), anaemia (64.4%), photosensitivity (54.4%), renal involvement (53%), malar rash (52.3%), and alopecia (49%). Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were detected in 95.3% of the patients and were associated significantly with most clinical presentations, except weight loss, hypertension and serositis. Anti-ds deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA) was detected in 59.7% of the patients, and was associated significantly with fever and fatigue. Anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies were detected in 27.5% of the patients, but were not significantly associated with all clinical presentations. Social stress was the most important risk factor for inducing SLE, with an odds ratio (OR) of 6.0, followed by common exposure to sunlight (OR = 2.2). Conclusion: In this study, SLE was more prevalent among females and young adults. The clinical presentation was characterised by a high incidence of fatigue and fever, and a low incidence of oral ulcers and serositis. ANA was associated with most clinical presentations except weight loss, hypertension, and serositis. AntidsDNA antibodies were most frequently associated with fever, fatigue and hypertension. There was no significant association of the anti-Sm antibodies with any clinical presentations

PREVALENCE OF LEPTOSPIROSIS AMONGST SLAUGHTERHOUSE WORKERS AND BUTCHERS IN SANA'A CITY-YEMEN

Objective: Zoonotic infections can be work-related risks to people who labor in nearby connection with animals. The goals of present study were to find out the prevalence of leptospira antibodies and impact factors of leptospirosis among this risk groups in Sana'a city.  Methods: A 267 serum samples were assembled from the study groups and a written record was completed for all workers to record individual and behavioral information. The sera were tested for leptospirosis IgG antibodies by commercial ELISA technique. The acquired data illustrated that 100% of individuals did not employ at all personal protective equipments (masks, gloves, overalls and boots) and 100% of participants had absolutely not used disinfectants to their blades and hands, while 10% be aware of they were at risk of zoonotic infections like leptospirosis only. Results: The seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 41.3%.  There was highly significant associated between positive of IgG antibodies and older age (median>27 years) (OR= 3 times, PV<0.001), work history median > 8 years (OR=2.8 times, PV<0.001) and history of >5 times cut in the last year (OR=3.7, PV<0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion: the present of leptospira IgG antibodies among slaughter-house workers and butchers in Sana'a city is relatively common, similar to that reported previously from Yemen, and from neighboring countries among risk groups. Encouraging universities in Yemen to undertake active disease surveillance because these efforts will eventually allow policy makers and other authorities to convert knowledge into policy by set appropriate evidence foundation priorities in the field of leptospirosis disease control and prevention. Peer Review History: Received 2 May 2018;   Revised 7 May; Accepted 11 May, Available online 15 May 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mohamed Derbali, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia, [email protected] Dr. Mohamed Salama, Modern University for Technology & Information, Egypt, [email protected] Similar Articles: PREVALENCE OF HBV AND HCV; AND THEIR ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER CLEANERS AT SELECTED PUBLIC HEALTH CENTERS IN SANA'A CITY-YEME

BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF EXTERNAL OCULAR INFECTIONS IN SELECTED OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS IN SANA’A CITY

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to reveal the bacterial profile and pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics for external ocular infections for patients who attended selected ophthalmology clinics in the city of Sana’a. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used from September 2016 to October 2017 where a total of 197 patients with infection of external eye were included in the study which included conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis and Blepharoconjunctivitis. Samples were collected and transferred to the National Center of Public Laboratories (NCPHL), in Sana'a. Possible bacterial pathogens have been isolated and identified using regular laboratory techniques, and microbial sensitivity testing has been carried out using a disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 197 ocular samples were obtained for microbiological evaluation, of these 146 (74.1%) have bacterial growth. Bacteria of Gram positive accounted for 52.1% and the prevalent isolation was S. aureus (30.1%). Gram negative bacteria made up 47.9% and the predominant isolation was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.7%). The majority of Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (90% - 100%), vancomycin (86% - 100%) and Gram-negative isolates sensitive for amikacin (100%) and ciprofloxacin (63% - 100%). Conclusion: These results revealed that Gram-positive bacteria were the generally common bacteria isolated from infections of external eye and were more susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin while Gram-negative isolates were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin.  The high rate of resistance for most antibiotics in Yemen, leaves ophthalmologists with very few options of drugs to treat eye infections. Large-scale ongoing studies in the future should also be conducted in order to monitor the antimicrobial resistance of the external ocular bacterial isolates.                                   Peer Review History: Received 20 May 2020; Revised 25 June; Accepted 4 July, Available online 15 July 2020   Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Jucimary Vieira dos Santos, Hemonorte Dalton Barbosa Cunha, Brazil, [email protected] Dr. Sabah Hussien El-Ghaiesh, Tanta University, Egypt, [email protected]  Similar Articles: EPIDEMIOLOGY, BACTERIAL PROFILE, AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN SANA’A AND DHAMAR CITY, YEME

BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF DIALYSIS WATER AND DIALYSATE AT MUKALLA ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY CENTER IN MUKALLA CITY - HADHRAMAUT - YEMEN: RATE OF CONTAMINATION AND SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES TO ANTIBIOTICS

Objective: Water treatment systems are a vital factor in dialysis therapy and precise control of hemodialysis water bacteriological quality is predominantly important in order to assurance a better quality of life of the hemodialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to detect the level of contamination in hemodialysis water and dialysate by bacteria in Mukalla Artificial Kidney Center and investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated bacteria.  Methods: Forty eight samples of water and dialysate were assembled weekly over a period of 3 months from 4 points. Bacteriological analysis of samples was carried out then antimicrobial susceptibilities patterns of isolated bacteria were concluded by disk diffusion method. Results: The mean of total count of bacteria for dialysis water and dialysate were higher than the recommended values (100 CFU/ ml). The isolated bacteria which colonized the hemodialysis systems were mostly Gram-negative bacilli as Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Citrobacter sp. and Enterobater sp. In general, most of the isolated bacteria were poorly responsive to antibiotics. Conclusion:  In conclusion: Dialysis water and dialysate not passed to meet the bacteriological provisions for hemodialysis. To reduce the hazard of contaminants for hemodialysis patients, a sufficient system for water treatment, disinfection of hemodialysis system, and bacteriological contamination monitoring of the water and dialysate are necessary.               Peer Review History: Received 19 December 2019;   Revised 25 December; Accepted 7 January, Available online 15 January 2020 Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr.  Maya Shaaban Eissa Hussein, Egyptian Russian University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected] Similar Articles: EXPLOSION OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUSES AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS AS A RESULT OF HEMODIALYSIS CRISIS IN YEMEN PREVALENCE AND GENOTYPING OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS AND EVALUATION OF HCV-CORE ANTIGEN TEST IN SCREENING PATIENTS FOR DIALYSIS IN SANA'A CITY, YEME

PREVALENCE OF HBV AND HCV; AND THEIR ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER CLEANERS AT SELECTED PUBLIC HEALTH CENTERS IN SANA'A CITY-YEMEN

Objective:  Occupational exposure of public health center cleaners (PHCCs) to blood and body fluids after skin injury or mucous membrane contact constitutes a risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens. In the industrialized world, occupational surveillance is performed to assess and monitor health hazards related to blood borne pathogens. In contrast, in developing countries as Yemen, exposure and health impacts are rarely monitored and much remains to be done to protect PHCCs. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV and their potential risk factors among PHCCs.  Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was conducted among 388 PHCCs. Data was collected using pre-tested and structured questions. Venous blood was collected and the sera were tested for HBV surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C antibodies using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay technique. The data were analysis by EPI-Info. Chi square and Odds ratio tests were used to assess the association of risk factors with HBV and HCV positivity. Results: Results revealed that among the total 388 PHCCs examined, HBV and HCV were detected in 32 (8.2%), and 4 (1.03%) of them respectively.  There was significant risk factors of hepatitis viruses with age group 20-24 years (OR=2.8), exposure to patients blood (OR=3), accidental stick of used needles (OR=2.3), sharp injury (OR=5.6), history of blood transfusion (OR=2.5), and hospital admission (OR=2.7). Also significant protected roles for HBV vaccine was found with infection. Conclusion: In conclusion high prevalence rates of HBV and HCV occurred in PHCCs. Unfortunately; all workers did not take training on medical waste and few workers use protective measures consistently as vaccination. There is needed to make vaccination of health care workers against HBV infection a firm policy and ensure complete and consistent adherence to work standard safety measures.                    Peer Review History: Received 17 September 2018;   Revised 12 October; Accepted 2 November, Available online 15 November 2018 Academic Editor:  Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected] Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Taiwo O Elufioye, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, [email protected]  Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected] Similar Articles: EXPLOSION OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUSES AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS AS A RESULT OF HEMODIALYSIS CRISIS IN YEMEN SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HEPATITIS B, C, HIV AND TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AMONG BLOOD DONORS IN HODEIDA CITY- YEMEN PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS G VIRUS AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, SANA'A CITY-YEME

SURVEY OF SAFETY PRACTICES IN DIARRHEAL TREATMENT CENTERS: CHOLERA TREATMENT CENTERS IN YEMEN

Objectives:  Monitoring of Diarrheal treatment centers (DTCs) was conducted so as to assess the quality of care and help draw evidence-based decisions on the current and future support of DTCs and other cholera prevention interventions. Methods: This monitoring exercise was included 102 DTCs, data were collected by a trained team of 18 doctors, 18 nurses, and 2 supervisors during the month of June, 2019 to cover the center’s performance in the prior month i.e. May2019.  Specially designed forms were used for data collection applying mixed methods: direct observation, record review, direct and phone interviews with the staff and patients as well as discussions with the health offices and community leaders whenever feasible. Results: No more than 23% of DTCs have water for hand washing, showering and washing clothes at all times and in all important locations such as hand washers and toilets; and 76% have one toilet for every 50 patients, but only 57% of toilets are regularly disinfected. Hazardous practices ranged from 32 to 62% leading to cholera infection among 4 out of 10 health workers and 5 visitors of the DTCs. Around 27 % of the DTCs do not have a designated area to bury body excreta from severe cases; only 23% have an isolated area for the deceased. A high of 59% of designated staff are neither trained nor equipped to deal appropriately with dead bodies and only 39% of dead bodies are disinfected with chlorine solution 2%. Conclusions: The DTC network provides much-needed services over the width of the country. Lives are being saved on  a daily basis despite the ongoing conflict and other humanitarian interventions. However, despite the efforts made so far, there are remaining areas for the quality of the improvement, most importantly availing water and strengthening the infection control measures and preventions of hazardous practices.                        Peer Review History: Received 30 July 2020; Revised 15 August; Accepted 28 August, Available online 15 September 2020 Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 7.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Ali Awadallah Saeed, National University, Sudan, [email protected] Dr. Wadhah Hassan Edrees, Hajjah University, Yemen, [email protected] Similar Articles: EPIDEMICITY OF VIBRIO CHOLERA IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN: PREVALENCE AND POTENTIAL DETERMINANTS &nbsp

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN POST OPERATIVE PATIENTS: PREVALENCE RATE, BACTERIAL PROFILE, ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS

Background and objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common minor complication after operations, mostly due to bladder catheterization that used routinely during operations. This investigation seeks to determine prevalence rate, bacterial features, antibiotic sensitivity and risk factors for urinary tract infection in postoperative patients in tertiary hospitals in Sana’a, Yemen. Methods: This prospective analysis included 390 patients undergoing surgery between 2017 and 2018 at Al-Thawra Hospital. The study includes 258 male and 132 female between the ages 5 to 80 years. Clinical and demographic data and factors affecting UTIs were collected in the standard questionnaire, and the sample was obtained after catheter removal; or, in patients with a clinical indication of continuous catheterization, a sample was obtained after the replacement of a new catheter. The samples were cultured, examined for significant possible bacterial pathogens, isolated and identified by standard laboratory techniques, and microbial sensitivity testing was carried out by disc diffusion method. The operative characteristics associated with postoperative UTI were also analysis. Results: Postoperative UTI (POUTI) occurred in 144/390 (37%), and the predominant post-operative uropathogen was Escherichia coli (34%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1(27%) and Staphylococcus coagulase negative (16.7%). In Gram-negative bacteria, high resistance to ampicillin (95%), nalidixic acid (63%), ceftriaxone (68%) and cotrimoxazole (55%) was recorded, while high sensitivity to amikacin (98%) and ciprofloxacin. (84%), cefotaxime (87%), gentamicin (87%) and imipenem (98%). In Gram-positive bacteria, high resistance to penicillin (90%), erythromycin (85%), and amoxicillin (78%) was recorded, while high sensitivity to aztreonam (94%), augmentin (83%),   ciprofloxacin (93%), cefotaxime (86%), gentamicin (85%), Rifampicin (100%) and vancomycin (97%).  The following characteristics are independently associated with postoperative UTI: female sex (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.2), Rubber PTFE catheter (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.99–11.4), longer duration of catheterization >10 days (OR 4.4, 95% CI 2.3–8.3), overweight (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.9), and emergency surgery  (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.0). Conclusions: POUTI remains an important problem in our hospitals and what complicates the situation is that all the causative microorganisms are MDR with few treatment options; and several risk factors were independently associated with POUTI.                                          Peer Review History: Received 14 May 2020; Revised 15 June; Accepted 1 July, Available online 15 July 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected] Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] Similar Articles: A SHORT REVIEW OF URINARY SYMPTOMATOLOGY- GRECO ARAB MEDICINE BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF UROPATHOGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN IBB CITY -YEME

PREVALENCE, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND RISK FACTORS OF MRSA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS AMONG MILITARY PATIENTS AT 48 MEDICAL COMPOUND IN SANA'A CITY-YEMEN

Objective: Methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus evolved in the 1970 and have troubled hospitals worldwide with persistent infections in patients. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and risk factors of MRSA isolated from clinical specimens among military patients at 48 Medical Compound in Sana'a city - Yemen. Methods: The study included 233 patients of whom suffering from Staphylococcus aureus infections. Specimens and data collected from November 2016 to November 2017. Standard methods of isolation and identifications were used to isolate bacteria in pours culture then Staphylococcus aureus were identifying using standard cultural techniques. MRSA was determined by the disc diffusion method to oxacillin and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method for selected antibiotics. Results:  The prevalence rate of MRSA was 19.3% and there was significant association between MRSA and older age patients, and surgical site infections. There was higher rate of antibiotics resistant for tested antibiotics in MRSA isolates comparing with lower rate of antibiotics resistant in MSSA. 60% of the MRSA isolates were resistant to vancomycin. They were also susceptible to erythromycin and rifampicin (100%), but showed resistance to Cotrimoxazole and Gentamycine. Conclusion:  In conclusion, the emergence of S. aureus isolates resistant to vancomycin and other wide range of antibiotics have raised MRSA in Yemen into a multi-drug-resistant ‘Superbug”, making it more and more dangerous than ever in hospital environments. Regular surveillance of hospital associated infections and monitoring antibiotic sensitivity pattern and strict drug policy for antibiotics used within and outside the hospital environments are recommend. Peer Review History: Received 20 June 2018;   Revised 29 June; Accepted 5 July, Available online 15 July 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Tanveer Ahmed Khan, Hajvery University, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected] Dr. Wilman Ismael Carrillo Terán, Technical University of Ambato Avda, Ecuador, [email protected] Similar Articles: BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF UROPATHOGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN IBB CITY -YEME

THE ASSOCIATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ANTIBODIES WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AMONG YEMENI PATIENTS IN SANA’A CITY

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is associated with progressive disability, systemic complications and early death. Etiology of RA is unknown. It is assumed that environmental factors initiate RA development in genetically susceptible individuals. Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV) stimulates polyclonal B cell activation and has been suggested to play a role in RA pathogenesis. Current study aimed to study the association between EBV and RA. Methods:  One hundred and sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Eighty individuals were clinically diagnosed to have RA and confirmed by anti-CCP3 test. The remaining 80 individuals were healthy controls matched for age and sex. Serum IgG and IgM antibodies against EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results:  The crude prevalence rate of EBV-VCA IgM antibodies among patients was (21.2%) while in healthy individuals was (8.7%) with significant OR equals to 2.8 times for RA patient's. The female prevalence rate of EBV-VCA IgM antibodies was (21.8%) higher than of male (18.7%). The female prevalence rate of EBV-VCA IgG antibodies was (95.3%) higher than of male (75%). EBV-VCA IgG and IgM antibodies titers were elevated in RA patients than in healthy controls. However, the causative relationship between EBV and RA is complex and involves different mechanisms.  Conclusion: In conclusion, high titers of EBV antibodies are associated with RA. However, the causative relationship between EBV and autoimmune diseases is complex and involves different mechanisms.                Peer Review History: Received 16 August;   Revised 28 August; Accepted 5 September, Available online 15 September 2017 Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mujde Eryilmaz, Ankara University,Turkey, [email protected] Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Similar Articles: SEROPREVALENCE OF ANTI-MANNOSE BINDING LECTIN AUTOANTIBODIES IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN SANA'A CITY- YEME