Prevalence of Falls and Fall‐Related Outcomes in Older Adults with Self‐Reported Vision Impairment

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The Effects of Canyon Topography on Dynamic Stress Distribution in Earth Dams

Limitations of computer storage capacity and high costs have generally restricted the use of numerical methods to two-dimensional dynamic analyses of earth dams. However, differences in canyon topographies in which the earth dams have been built may cause various constraining effects. Comparison between results of plane strain and three-dimensional dynamic analyses may reflect the site effects especially in narrow canyons. Consequently, considering the geometry of canyon, one may choose an appropriate method of dynamic analysis. This paper presents the effect of different canyon geometries on amount and distribution of induced dynamic stresses in plane strain and in three-dimensional analyses. These analyses are executed by FLAC2D and FLAC3D for some sections of earth dams with different length to height ratios. It has been shown that the ratios of plain strain to 3D dynamic shear stresses reach their maximum and minimum values in triangular and rectangular shaped canyons, respectively. With complimentary studies the actual seismic behavior of earth dams could be estimated from plane strain dynamic analyses

Students' Conception about the Relation of Mathematics to Real-Life

Present paper has studied the conceptions of high school students about mathematical relations to the real life in the three strands; mathematics, experimental science and humanities. Regard to this research, research methodology was survey. Consequently 780 girl high school students are chosen via multi-steps cluster sampling method randomly. Questionnaire forms are applied in four parts as research instrumentation. Data are analyzed thereby descriptive and inferential statistics for further analysis as a result of the process that is demonstrated via one-sample sign test in order to collect and analyze of students' responses regard to self-conception about mathematics in real-life. Accord to the findings and results, it seems that students believed that the generalization of mathematics to the real life is surprisingly insufficiency. These views and responses are indicated that it necessaries to modify the textbooks and curriculums in terms of mathematics development and students' needs in real-life. Also teachers have to spend the special courses for this important

Categorization and frequency of indications for packed cell transfusion in the preterm newborn during the initial hospital stay at a tertiary care hospital: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Packed cell transfusion is a lifesaving procedure in premature babies as they have more complications as compared to babies who are born at term. Complications related to prematurity increase as gestational age decreases and anemia is one of the complications of prematurity which needs packed cell transfusions. To date, when to transfuse preterm babies and what would be the threshold for hemoglobin and hematocrit is still a point of argument as well as liberal versus restrictive transfusion protocols have been developed but what should be followed still needs more data. In our study, we have observed frequencies of different indications of packed cell transfusion in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. This endeavor will help in the establishment of guidelines regarding transfusion and the threshold on which any intervention should be done also it would be a step towards the identification of preventable causes that lead to transfusion and transfusion-related risks and hazards. Objective: To determine the indication of packed cell transfusion and their frequencies in preterm neonates. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was carried out in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Study Duration: The duration of the study was 1 year. Material and Methods: A total of 246 preterm neonates admitted to Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) neonatal intensive care unit in the tenure of 1 year, fulfilling the inclusion criteria and requiring packed cell transfusion were included. After the approval from ethical review committee, charts were reviewed for gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery (normal vaginal or Cesarean-section) were recorded. Indications of packed cell transfusion (intraventricular hemorrhage, infection or sepsis, anemia of prematurity, phlebotomy losses, increase oxygen requirement, hematological causes, other causes of hemorrhage and other causes) were observed and recorded. Pre-transfusion hemoglobin levels (g/dL) and hematocrit levels were also recorded. Other information like number and volume of transfusion and day of life on which transfusion was administered was also documented. Results: A total of 246 critically ill children were enrolled in this study. Of the total, 52.8% were baby boys and 47.2% were baby girls. 57% of babies were born via cesarean section and 43% were born via vaginal delivery. Out of total preterm newborns admitted in NICU, 22.8% were extremely preterm, 35.4% were very preterm and 41.9% were late preterm. Mean gestational age was observed to be 31 (±4) weeks and the mean birth weight of newborns was 1500 (±600) grams. Indications of packed cell transfusion observed in our study are intraventricular hemorrhage 10%, 26% sepsis/infection, 4% hematological disorders, 12.8% anemia of prematurity, 25.2% was related to increase in oxygen requirement, 13% other hematological causes and 9.3% other causes. Conclusion: An increase in oxygen requirement and anemia of prematurity were the indications that were observed in the extremely preterm and very preterm groups. Sepsis and increase oxygen requirement are some of the major causes of transfusions observed in the late preterm group. Preventable indications can be one of the areas that can be worked on and will reduce the need for transfusion in preterm babies with subsequent prevention of transfusion-associated risks

Response of morphological and biochemical traits of maize genotypes under waterlogging stress

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops cultivated around the world. Waterlogging stress is a major production constraint of maize production in rain-fed agricultural systems. The main objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of continuous waterlogging on morphological and biochemical traits of maize genotypes at the vegetative stage. Ten maize genotypes were treated under no waterlogging (control) and continuous waterlogging of five centimeters depth for 10 days. The treatments were applied to the plants at their 45 days of age. Visual leaf injury scores from Leaf 4 (youngest leaf is the reference point) to Leaf 7 separated tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Waterlogging stress significantly reduced the total number of live leaves and chlorophyll content in leaf tissues in susceptible genotypes. The anatomical study revealed that tolerant maize genotypes produce a large number of aerenchyma cells under waterlogging stress compared to susceptible genotypes. The enzymatic activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) exhibited a greater increase in tolerant genotypes than susceptible genotypes whereas the contents of reactive oxygen species (H2O2) greatly increased in susceptible genotypes than tolerant genotypes under waterlogging stress compared to control. Principal component 2 (PC2) indicated that increasing plant height in the genotypes BHM-14, BHM-13 and BHM-9 was associated with waterlogging tolerance. The findings of this experiment will add value to maize breeding to screen out maize genotypes for waterlogging stress tolerance

Fetal Echocardiography Indications: A Single- Center Experience

Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common lethal congenital anomaly. Early diagnosis of CHD by fetal echocardiography based on maternal and fetal indications is important and lifesaving. The aim of study was to assess the referral aspects of pregnant women to pediatric cardiologist. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study on 250 documents of referred pregnant women, which was conducted in Imam Reza hospital (Mashhad city, Iran) from 2012 to 2017. Relevant factors of referral to pediatric cardiologist were assessed in an unselected population of pregnant women, mostly based on guideline indications. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0. Results From 250 fetuses 59.8% were male. The most common reasons of referral were abnormal ultrasonography and family history of CHD with 83% and 28.8 %, respectively, which were referred mostly by gynecologist (53.7%). Fetuses were mostly singleton (98. 8%). Five and six percent had associated extra-cardiac anomalies, mostly central nervous system and renal disorders. The mean age of referred pregnant women was 31.5+5.14 years. The mean age of gestation was 24.5+ 6.09 weeks. Seventy-one cases (28.4 %) have similar history in prior children. Conclusion Timely referral to pediatric cardiologist as an extraordinary benefit for pregnant women and also ongoing follow- up for the baby is requires an organized observation. Assessment and comparison with universal guidelines reveals our shortcomings. More than half of referred cases were identified too late in time and the whole indications were not done accurately

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis a in Hemodialysis Patient Candidate for Kidney Transplant Younger Than Forty Years

Background: Hepatitis A is a common infection during childhood, especially in developing countries. It can cause severe complications in immunocompromised patients. Due to the increasing number of kidney transplants in the country and epidemiologic shift of HAV which was observed in previous studies, we're going to evaluate the seroprevalence of hepatitis A in hemodialysis patients less than forty years serving kidney transplant candidates to follow vaccination policy for them.Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional study during 2014-2015 hepatitis A antibody levels in hemodialysis patients less than forty years in kidney transplant candidates examined in 12 hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Their serums were tested for anti HAV IgM and IgG by ELISA kits.Results: Hepatitis A virus antibody was positive in 66 (72.5%) of 91 patients. The prevalence of HAV was 0% at the range of younger than 20 and 45% in under 25 years age group. This significantly increased prevalence by increasing the age, and there was according to epidemiological shifts which were shown in other studies.Conclusion: Due to the availability of vaccine and hepatitis severe complications in immunocompromised individuals, as well as a low prevalence of positive serology in individuals under 25 years, it seems the check of antibodies in patients undergoing kidney transplantation and vaccination in seronegative persons is a logical