Internal Stress in Electrodeposited PbO₂

The change of internal stress in the electrodeposited PbC₂ from a lead nitrate bath was observed by measuring the deflection of a thin platinum anode during electrodeposition of PbC₂ on one side of it. The crystal structure of the deposits was determined by X-ray diffraction. After the electrodeposition, the change of deflection of the deposited Pb₂ was observed under the following conditions : a) Keep the deposited PbO₂ in air or in a lead nitrate bath at constant temperatures. b) Discharge the cell, Pt/PbNO₃ electrolyte/PbO₂ deposit, by connecting it to an external circuit with some resistance. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The crystal structure of α-PbO₂ was observed in the deposits which had deflected in the direction of contraction during electrodeposition, and β-PbO₂ was observed in the deposits which had deflected in the direction of expansion during electrodeposition. 2) After the electrodeposition, the deposits deflected gradually in the direction of expansion when they were kept in air or left in the bath. The amount of deflection of the deposits of α-PbO₂ was larger than that of the deposits of β-PbO₂ within the same time duration. 3) The electrodeposited PbO₂ deflected in the direction of expansion by discharging the cell, and the amount of deflection of the deposits of α-PbO₂ was larger than that of the deposits of β-PbO₂

THE ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY OF DRIVER SHOT IN FEMALE PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR GOLFERS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of driver shot from the viewpoint of the energy conversion efficiency between club head and ball at impact. Six female professional golfers and six female amateur golfers participated in this study. All subjects were instructed to hit a straight ball with their usual swing. Each subject performed ten trials. Three dimensional coordinates of reflective markers attached on a body and club landmarks were obtained using the motion capture system operating at 250 Hz. High speed camera was used to measure the movement of the club head and ball. The energy conversion efficiency was significantly different between professional and amateur golfers (

COMPARISON OF GOLF SWING PATTERNS IN SKILLED FEMALE GOLFERS AMONG THREE DIFFERENT CLUBS

The purpose of this study was to compare golf swing patterns using three different clubs among skilled golfers. Five right-handed female professional golfers used their own three clubs (driver, 5-iron, and 9-iron) to hit standard golf balls in our laboratory. 3D coordinates of body and club landmarks during the swing motions were recorded using a 3D motion capture system with operating at 250 Hz frame rates. As the results, the acceleration of club head in each club during downswing reached a maximum around about 0.08 s before impact during similar swing time, and the height of club head at the maximum acceleration showed about 55% of ratio for the body height despite differences of clubs. Skilled golfers therefore might feel as the similar patterns of golf swing even if they are swinging with different length clubs

Perforator Vessels in Ischiorectal Fossa

Background: Perforator flaps based on the ischiorectal fossa (IRF) (ie, internal pudendal artery perforator flaps) are useful for perineal reconstruction. The three-dimensional characterization of perforator arteries in the IRF remains unclear, as the IRF contains thick adipose tissue as well as organs, such as the rectum, vagina, and urethra. This study aimed to evaluate perforators in the IRF to guide the safe elevation of skin flaps designed based on the IRF. Methods: IRF vessels were examined in 200 bilateral computed tomography angiography scans performed in 100 patients. We examined branching patterns arising from the internal iliac artery and the origins of the skin perforators in the IRF. Results: The branching patterns of the internal iliac artery were divided into three groups: perforators derived exclusively from the internal pudendal artery (78%), perforators derived from the internal pudendal artery and the inferior gluteal artery (18%), and perforators derived exclusively from the inferior gluteal artery (4%). The average number of perforators in the IRF was 1.5 ± 0.7. The number of perforators was significantly higher in women than in men. The perforator arteries were found exclusively around the medial and dorsal sides of the ischial tuberosity. Conclusions: We found that perforators in the IRF were stable. All cases had more than one skin perforator, which was mainly derived from the internal pudendal artery. Although perforators cannot be identified during flap elevation because the fatty tissue in the IRF is very thick, physicians must focus on preserving the perforator-containing fatty tissue around the ischial tuberosity

Preparations for Endosseous Implants. Part 2. : Laying stress on the method of measuring the efficiency of the insertion guide

As a preparation for endosseous implants, we determined the occlusal relationship after fixing superstructures in a study cast, on examination of the positions and bearings of inserted implants. We then made up a guide to put it to practical use in the oral cavity, and gained clinically good results. We picked two cases out of the latest implanting data and examined the study cast in occlusal bearing and the post-operative cast in three bearings; (occlusal, buccal and distal). As a result, this method could be considered suitable for measuring the efficiency of the guide. In measuring it, the fact that an inserting position of implant was displaced 1mm (at the maximum) to mesio-distal and about 0.3mm bucally was recognized. Planting direction inclined approximately 4.5° (at the maximum) to mesio-distal and approximately 3° bucally

Resting-state functional connectivity-based biomarkers and functional MRI-based neurofeedback for psychiatric disorders: a challenge for developing theranostic biomarkers

Psychiatric research has been hampered by an explanatory gap between psychiatric symptoms and their neural underpinnings, which has resulted in poor treatment outcomes. This situation has prompted us to shift from symptom-based diagnosis to data-driven diagnosis, aiming to redefine psychiatric disorders as disorders of neural circuitry. Promising candidates for data-driven diagnosis include resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI)-based biomarkers. Although biomarkers have been developed with the aim of diagnosing patients and predicting the efficacy of therapy, the focus has shifted to the identification of biomarkers that represent therapeutic targets, which would allow for more personalized treatment approaches. This type of biomarker (i.e., theranostic biomarker) is expected to elucidate the disease mechanism of psychiatric conditions and to offer an individualized neural circuit-based therapeutic target based on the neural cause of a condition. To this end, researchers have developed rs-fcMRI-based biomarkers and investigated a causal relationship between potential biomarkers and disease-specific behavior using functional MRI (fMRI)-based neurofeedback on functional connectivity. In this review, we introduce recent approach for creating a theranostic biomarker, which consists mainly of two parts: (i) developing an rs-fcMRI-based biomarker that can predict diagnosis and/or symptoms with high accuracy, and (ii) the introduction of a proof-of-concept study investigating the relationship between normalizing the biomarker and symptom changes using fMRI-based neurofeedback. In parallel with the introduction of recent studies, we review rs-fcMRI-based biomarker and fMRI-based neurofeedback, focusing on the technological improvements and limitations associated with clinical use.Comment: 46 pages, 5 figure