Pharmacokinetics Of Oxytetracycline In The Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)

Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) was studied in swamp mg/kg buffalo heifers and cows after a single injection of OTC hydrochloride intravenously and OTC long acting 20 (LA) formulation (Terramycin/LA, Pfizer) intramuscularly using a crossover study. The concentration of OTC in serum samples was measured by a bioassay technique using Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778) as the test organism. The disposition curve for oxytetracycline activities after intravenous administration was best described by a two-compartment open model. The serum concentrations at time zero, co'p, for buffalo cows and buffalo heifers were 61 . 37+19 . 62 mcg/ml and 33 . 09+9 . 93 mcg/ml respectively . The elimination half-lives for buffalo cows (10.13+2 . 72 h) and heifers ( 8.72+2.14 h) after intravenous injection of the drug were not significantly different ( P)0.05). The apparent volume o f distribution was significantly higher in buffalo cows ( 2.84+0 . 46 L/kg) than in heifers ( 2.0+0.42 L/kg ) but the total body clearance did not differ significantly (P>0 . 05) . Following a single intramuscular injection of OTC-LA formulation only one rate constant of absorption was noted in buffalo cows (ka1-0. 05 h) but two rate constants of absorption were noted for heifers - a fast rate ( ka1-3 . 62 h) and a slow rate ( ka2 -0. 04 h). The peak serum concentration of OTC for buffalo cows was 4 . 56+1 . 48 mcg/ml at 4.67+1.91 hours and for buffalo heifers was 4.40+ 0.57 mcg/ml at 1.67+0.26 hours.The bioavailability of OTC was 64 and 24 per cent for buffalo cows and heifers respectively . Plasma concentrations above 0.5 mcg/ml were maintained for approximately 50-60 hours . The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for eleven isolates from diseased buffaloes ranged from 0 . 25 to 4.0 mcg/ml . For the swamp buffalo OTC-LA is recommended at a dosing rate of 20 mg/kg injected intramuscularly at 48-hour dosage intervals for highly susceptible organisms (MIC<1 mcg/m1 ) . However it is preferable to use the conventional OTC formulation intramuscularly for less susceptible organisms (MIC>2 mcg/ml )

Wound healing potential of aloe vera in climbing perch (Anabas testudineus).

Fresh gel portion of Aloe vera leaves was evaluated for the wound healing potential in climbing perch (Anabas testudineus). Fifteen adult climbing perch were divided into three groups. Group 1 received Aloe vera gel, group 2 received Betadine® antiseptic ointment (positive control) and group 3 received no treatment (negative control). Wound was created at the flank area using a punch biopsy (8 mm in diameter). One topical application was applied on the wound. Assessment of healing progress was carried out on day 10. Gross observation and histological studies were carried out. There was no significant difference in wound reduction among the groups. However, group 2 showed highest rate of healing followed by group 1 and group 3, and groups 1 and 3 had similar rate of healing. Histological examination on cellular activity of healing process showed increased thickness of epithelium layer, infiltration of inflammatory cells, presence of fibroblast cell and rearrangement of the cell

The effects of commercial flower honey and turmeric on dermal wound in rats

Twenty healthy rats, ten adults (2-month-old) and ten young (1-month-old), were used in this study. Four skin biopsies were created at the dorsum of each rat under general anesthesia. The wound was each treated with honey, turmeric powder, turmeric-honey paste and a blank (control). The wounds were photographed on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Wound area reduction was measured on day 9 after which the rats were euthanized. The skin samples were taken for histology. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the healing between treatments in young and adult rats. However, honey was the best treatment with the highest healing scores, followed by control, turmeric and honey-turmeric paste. Honey-turmeric paste resulted in a severe wound infection thus delayed healing

Collagen-calcium alginate film dressing with therapeutic ultrasound to treat open wound in rats

About 24 healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 300-350 g were used in this study over a 20 day period. They were allocated randomly into 4 groups of 6 animals each. After the creation of 2x2 cm open wound, group 1 was control treated with Gentamycin ointment. Groups 2-4 were treated with Therapeutic ultrasound massage, collagen-calcium alginate film and collagen-calcium alginate film with therapeutic ultrasound. On application, the collagen-calcium alginate film with therapeutic ultrasound was well accepted by the animals without any adverse reaction. Mean percentage of wound contraction were significantly better in group 4 (p<0.05). Faster epithelialization was also seen in the collagen-calcium alginate film with therapeutic ultrasound treated group as compared to the other groups. Collagen is a biocompatible protein that does not interfere with the body’s normal immunologic response and can be used in non-healing chronic wounds which require a trigger to stimulate the normal healing process. In extensive wounds when there is lack of autologous tissue, biomaterials like collagen-calcium alginate may be beneficial and can be used

Relationship of colic occurences with nutrition, management and work in horses in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

Colic is one of the most important conditions in horses. At the Universiti Veterinary Hospital (UVH), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 11% of equine cases treated between 2005 and 2009 were colic cases. In this study, questionnaires were distributed to stable managers of 10 selected stables in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The questionnaires were designed to determine the association between colic incidences and nutrition management and work. The studies showed that the total prevalence of colic was 28.19% where almost half the cases were form one stable. Stable management contributed the highest incidence of colic (50%) of which 74% was seen in horses that had dental rasping. Long working hours was the second most important predisposing factor, while high protein diet can also contribute to the risk of colic in horses. Other factors were the changed in the type of feeds, use of feed brands and the size of the cubes

Subcutaneous Administration of Tramadol after Elective Surgery Is as Effective as Intravenous Administration in Relieving Acute Pain and Inflammation in Dogs

Subcutaneous (SC) administration of tramadol was compared with intravenous (IV) administration to evaluate analgesia following canine ovariohysterectomy (OHE). Healthy female dogs (n=12) between 1 and 3 years of age (1.95±0.65 years), weighing between 10.5 and 17.1 kg (13.12±1.95 kg), were used. Pain was assessed at baseline before surgery and then hourly for 8 hr after surgery. Tramadol was administered both SC and IV at a dose of 3 mg/kg and provided significant postoperative analgesia, as indicated by analgesiometry, β-endorphin levels, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels. The respiratory rates and rectal temperatures remained normal and were not significantly different between or within the groups. A significant increase in heart rate was observed at 4 hr for dogs in both groups relative to the baseline, but there was no significant difference in heart rates between the groups at any time point. A significant decrease in mechanical pain threshold was observed within each group after surgery, but both groups responded similarly, suggesting that SC administration of tramadol is as effective as IV administration. Increased serum levels of both IL-6 and β-endorphin 3 hr postoperatively further indicate that both routes of administration achieve similar pain control. Thus, the relative analgesic efficacy of SC tramadol is comparable to that of IV administration and can be used to achieve similar effects for postsurgical pain management in dogs undergoing OHE

Polymerase chain reaction assay targeting cytochrome b gene for the detection of dog meat adulteration in meatball formulation

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the assessment of dog meat adulteration in meatballs was developed. The assay selectively amplified a 100-bp region of canine mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from pure, raw, processed and mixed backgrounds. The specificity of the assay was tested against 11 animals and 3 plants species, commonly available for meatball formulation. The stability of the assay was proven under extensively autoclaving conditions that breakdown target DNA. A blind test from ready to eat chicken and beef meatballs showed that the assay can repeatedly detect 0.2% canine meat tissues under complex matrices using 0.04 ng of dog DNA extracted from differentially treated meatballs. The simplicity, stability and sensitivity of the assay suggested that it could be used in halal food industry for the authentication of canine derivatives in processed foods