PHP8 ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN GERMANY: COST ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE HOSPITALIZATIONS

La irrupción de las nuevas tecnologías en la vida cotidiana ha supuesto una enorme revolución a la hora de determinar tanto las relaciones entre los sujetos como de comprender e interpretar la realidad. Por ello, la alfabetización mediática se plantea hoy como una disciplina indispensable en los sistemas educativos de todo el mundo. Este artículo recoge los resultados obtenidos en un experimento con estudiantes de educación secundaria. El objetivo es observar hasta qué punto la alfabetización mediática puede resultar de utilidad a la hora de potenciar las competencias interpretativas de los estudiantes. La muestra está formada por alumnos de 14-15 años, pertenecientes al curso Décimo de tres centros escolares de Guayaquil. La variable independiente es conformada por cinco spots. Los resultados subrayan que, al margen del contexto socioeconómico, los alumnos instruidos mediáticamente muestran una capacidad interpretativa y decodificadora superior a aquellos otros que no lo fueron.  &nbsp

Феномен веры в мистическом опыте просветления

В статье исследуется феномен религиозной веры и делается вывод о существовании двух ее уровней. Первый из них - "вера просительная" (со многим количеством условий), характерна для человека, воспринимающего себя как смертное Тело-Эго и ориентированного на страх. Совершенной формой религиозной веры может считаться только "вера абсолютная" (безусловная), достижение которой является основной целью мистической практики просветления. Она характеризуется полным уничтожением Эго, формированием безусловного доверия и любви к Богу. Вера в имманентных мистических учениях приобретает форму доверия к своему истинному "Я"-Атману. Вера в трансцендентно-имманентной мистике приобретает форму доверия к трансцендентной силе, что подразумевает безусловную отдачу Ее воле.У статті проводиться дослідження феномену релігійної віри. Робиться висновок про існування двох її рівнів. Перший з них - "віра прохальна" (з багатьма умовами), характерна для людини, що сприймає себе як смертне Тіло-Его та зорієнтована на страх. Досконалою формою релігійної віри можна вважати тільки "віру абсолютну" (безумовну), досягнення якої постає основною метою містичної практики просвітлення. Цей рівень віри характеризується повним знищенням Его, формуванням безумовної довіри та любові до Бога. Віра у іманентних містичних ученнях має форму довіри до свого істинного "Я"-Атману. Віра в трансцендентно-іманентній містиці приймає форму довіри до трансцендентної сили, що вимагає безумовної віддачі Її волі.The phenomenon of religious faith is investigated in the article. The conclusion is that there are two levels of it. First of them is "faith-request" (with a number of conditions), it is typical for a person who perceives oneself as a mortal Body - Ego and who is orientated on fear. Just "absolute faith" (unconditional) can be considered to be a perfect form of religious faith, and the achievement of it is the main purpose of mystical practice of enlightening. It is characterized with complete destroying of Ego, with forming of unconditional trust and love to God. Faith in immanent mystical teachings acquires the form of trust to own true "I" - Atman. Faith in transcendental immanent mystics acquires the form of trust to transcendental power that means unconditional exposing to His will

To Think or Not to Think?: A New Perspective on Optimal Consumer Decision Making

This research introduces a new theoretical perspective (termed the Adaptive Processing Perspective) that reexamines how consumers should think before making decisions and the optimal outcomes that result. New insights into conscious (“careful deliberation”), unconscious (“sleeping on it”), and intuitive (“going with your gut”) thought processes are provided. Across four studies, empirical evidence demonstrates that consumers can make significantly better decisions by thinking more about routine choices, using their intuition for occasional purchase decisions, and distracting themselves before making major purchase decisions. Specifically, in study 1, increased conscious thought optimized routine decision making due to increases in openness to information. In study 2, consumers using intuition optimized an occasional purchase decision by focusing attention on relevant information. Study 3 demonstrated unconscious thought to be optimal for consumers when making a major purchase decision via their engagement in associative processing. Lastly, study 4 provided further support for the Adaptive Processing Perspective by manipulating the decision setting (i.e., routine, limited, extensive) across a common product and replicating the earlier study results. Several theoretical and practical advances to the domains of information processing and consumer decision making are offered and discussed

Young, Working and Black: A Study of Empowerment, Oppression, Race and Gender in Community Settings

This purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between race, gender, and power in community settings. Taking the experiences of young Black Canadians within the workplace as an exemplar, the study sought to answer three main research questions: (a) How does oppression influence the psychological empowerment of Black youth and young adults in the workplace? (b) How do workplace characteristics promote Black youths’ and young adults’ psychological empowerment?, and (c) How does gender influence Black youths’ and young adults’ experiences of oppression and empowerment in the workplace? To answer these questions I conducted narrative interviews with 24 Black Canadian youth and young adults (aged 16–35), and critical self-reflections on my personal work experiences. Data were analyzed using a combination of narrative and grounded theory approaches. Findings are presented using the metaphor of the working game to conceptualize participants’ stories of race, gender and power in the workplace. Narratives of workplace oppression suggest that young Black Canadian workers are disadvantaged by an unequal playing field comprised of stereotypes and unequal intergenerational legacies, and by racialized interpersonal gameplay. Their stories describe various moves that young Black Canadians use to negotiate oppression, as well as an oppressed subjectivity characterized by a sense of difference, uncertainty, and frustration. Narratives of workplace empowerment suggest that empowering workplace settings function as surrogate legacies that include four key characteristics (relationships, roles, opportunity, and incentives), that promote six empowered outcomes (independence, confidence, eye opening, appreciation, a desire to give back, and the ability to talk to others), through four main psychological processes (encouragement and advice, exposure, respect, and validation). Narratives of gender suggest a common perception that the intersection of gender and race in the working game function to disadvantage Black males through severe stereotypes and absent male legacies. Gender differences in valued empowering workplace characteristics were found, with Black females emphasizing encouragement and Black males emphasizing opportunity. The discussions highlight theoretical contributions to community psychology\u27s understanding of power, race, and gender in community settings, including an emphasis on social networks, dramaturgy, and identity. Limitations and implications for future research and practice are discussed

Does the Constitution Provide More Ballot Access Protection for Presidential Elections Than for U.S. House Elections?

Both the U.S. Constitution and The Federalist Papers suggest that voters ought to have more freedom to vote for the candidate of their choice for the U.S. House of Representatives than they do for the President or the U.S. Senate. Yet, strangely, for the last thirty-three years, the U.S. Supreme Court and lower courts have ruled that the Constitution gives voters more freedom to vote for the candidate of their choice in presidential elections than in congressional elections. Also, state legislatures, which have been writing ballot access laws since 1888, have passed laws that make it easier for minor-party and independent candidates to get on the ballot for President than for the U.S. House. As a result, voters in virtually every state invariably have far more choices on their general election ballots for the President than they do for the House. This Article argues that the right of a voter to vote for someone other than a Democrat or a Republican for the House is just as important as a voter’s right to do so for President, and that courts should grant more ballot access protection to minor-party and independent candidates for the House

The oversharenting paradox: when frequent parental sharing negatively affects observers’ desire to affiliate with parents

Modern-day parents increasingly engage in sharing of their children’s information and photos on social media. However, when parents post about their children on social media with high frequency, the phenomenon of “oversharenting” occurs. This research explores the impact of oversharenting on others’ desire to affiliate with parents. While parents post about their children to socialize with others, three experimental studies conducted with U.S. residents recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk demonstrate that parents who oversharent are viewed as less desirable acquaintances than parents who do not. This effect is mediated by observers’ perception that oversharenting constitutes a social norm violation (Study 1; N = 147). Specifically, observers assume that parents who oversharent try to become the center of attention through their children (Study 2; N = 168). The negative effect of oversharenting on affiliation is mitigated in the case of observers who themselves post frequently on social media (Study 3; N = 478). In summary, this research contributes to the understanding of parental sharing in social media environments by demonstrating that, paradoxically, parents’ oversharenting behavior may negatively affect the very goal that parents attempt to fulfill through social media sharing

Mixing Customer Ingratiation into Evaluation: How Service Providers Judge and Evaluate Rideshare Experiences

Whereas consumer satisfaction is critical for the success of services, we research how providers evaluate customers in the sharing economy represented by the rideshare marketplace. We examine anticipated customer evaluation (ACE) as the underlying link and the provider\u27s sense of power as a moderator for the relationship between customer ingratiation and provider evaluations. We first conducted a field pilot study and analyzed the content of rideshare trips described by drivers. Then, we tested the conceptual framework in four experiments that manipulated different rideshare customer behaviors (self-presentation, other-enhancement, and customer conformity). Our study contributes to the consumer research literature by examining provider evaluation and discovering the peer-to-peer (P2P) dynamic evaluation mechanisms that adopt a two-way rating system

Validating Measures Of Self Control Via Rasch Measurement

Self control has been offered as a fundamental explanation for consumption behavior in a number of marketing settings. Until recently, measurement of self control had been inadequate, with advances being made only in specific domains. Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone (2004) introduced a reflective measure of self control which has gained popularity across social science research. However, the authors did not subject this critical measure to a review of fit and function through a psychometric lens. This study reviews their measure with consideration of fit and function, applying item response theory, and more specifically, Rasch measurement. Findings suggest that moderate levels of the unidimensional construct of self control are captured by the scale but high risk groups may be neglected by the measure in its current form

История изучения имен прилагательных в крымскотатарском языке

Целью данной статьи является рассмотрение степени изученности имени прилагательного в крымскотатарском языке как самостоятельной части речи в лингвистических трудах XIX – XX вв., а также анализ основных грамматических категорий имени прилагательного

The Effects of Guilt and Sadness on Sugar Consumption

This research examines how the discrete negative emotions of guilt and sadness impact individual preference for carbohydrates, specifically in the form of sugar. Using Cognitive Appraisal Theory and research in biological psychology, we identify how these two discrete emotions influence the release of cortisol, which impacts sugar preferences. The results of four studies indicate that consumers select and prepare foods with higher amounts of sugar when experiencing sadness relative to when they feel guilt. Implications for public policy as well as marketing practitioners are discussed