Effectiveness of Dung Beetles as Bioindicators of Environmental Changes in Land-use Gradient in Sulawesi, Indonesia

Bioindicators have been widely accepted as useful tools for monitoring and detecting changes in the environment or habitat condition. By using bioindicators, it is possible to assess the impact of human activities on the biota, instead of examining the entire biota. In this paper we analyzed diversity of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across land use gradient inCentral Sulawesi and tested the suitability of dung beetles as bioindicators for environmental changes. Ninety baited pitfall trapswere placed and several habitat parameterswere measured at five land-use types ranging from natural forest to cacao agroforestry systems to open areas in 2009 and 2012. The effectiveness of dung beetles as bioindicators of environmental changes was evaluated by the IndVal method, a method combining the specificity and fidelity of certain species with particular types of habitat or environmental conditions. Surprisingly, the results showed that the diversity of dung beetles in two types of cacao plantations were similar to the forest sites and were significantly higher than the open cultivated area. Of the 16 dung beetles species analyzed only four species could be suggested as indicator (characteristic) species while the majority of collected species were categorized as detector species. Two of them (Copris saundersi and Onthophagus forsteni) were associated with natural forest and cacao agroforestry system, thus were suggested as the indicator of shaded and cooler habitats whereas O. limbatus and O. trituber can be suggested as indicator of unshaded and warmer habitats (bare land area)

Prediksi Erosi pada Beberapa Penggunaan Lahan di Desa Labuan Toposo Kecamatan Labuan Kabupaten Donggala

Erosion is one of the factors that causing the decline in soil capacity to support good agriculture production. This often happened in some land use when the land is managed without pay attention to soil conservation and or the soil capacity to support production. Soil erosion prediction can be good information for local government and soil erosion index of several land use types including non-agriculture can be used to manage sustainability of development. The purpose of this study was to predict the soil erosion rate and determine soil erosion erosion index on several land use types at the Labuan Toposo village Donggala District. The soil was analyzed at soil science laboratory of Tadulako University. The study was conducted from October to January 2016. This study was used the method direct survey in the field and continued with the soil sampling for laboratory analysis. Then the analysis result was further processed by using the equation USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation ). This study showed that the erosion index that occurredat the village of Labuan Toposo was diverse while the erosion hazard index was lowest for forest land, and the highest was found for teak and coconut. This was caused by land use patterns, land management measures, in addition the high erosion hazard index indicate the potential to cause erosion. It is therefore vital to do conservation measures to prevent erosion e.g. by inter cropping and the use of crop residue on land surface such as mulching

Beberapa Sifat Fisika Inceptisol Watutela dalam Kaitannya dengan Pemberian Bahan Organik dan Suhu Pemanasan

This study aims to determine some physical properties Inceptisols Watutela in relation to organic matter and heating temperature. The research method is through laboratory experiments using completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of two factors. The first factor is the treatment of soil organic matter derived from goat droppings and the second factor is the heating temperature treatment. Each treatment consists of three levels and repeated 6 times to obtain 54 experimental units. Treatments organic matter goat manure include: without organic matter or Control (A0), organic matter with a level of 2.5% by weight of the ground (A1), and organic matter to the level of 5% of the weight of the soil used in the research (A2). Level-the level used in the heating temperature treatment includes heating at room temperature (P0), heating in an oven at a temperature of 50°C (P1) and heating it in an oven at 70°C (P2). Data processing studies to determine the effect of treatment among study done using ANOVA F test, subsequent treatment effect was tested further by honestly significant difference test (HSD). The research variables were observed consisting of: saturated soil water content, water content of field capacity, soil bulk density, soil porosity and soil aggregate stability. The results showed that the characteristics of Inceptisols Watutela the initial soil analysis showed a sandy loam texture, organic C content of 0.89% (relatively low). Based on observations showed that organic matter goat droppings and the heating temperature individually provide highly significant effect on all variables observed physical properties of soil. The interaction between organic material and the heating temperature very significant effect on saturated soil water content and soil porosity. On the other hand, the interaction between organic matter and heating temperature effect no significant effect on the measurement of field capacity moisture content, soil bulk density and soil aggregate stabilit

Prediksi Laju Erosi pada Penggunaan Lahan Berbeda di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Kawatuna Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah

This study aims to predict the magnitude of soil erosion rate and erosion hazard index at Kawatuna watershed in Central Sulawesi. The research will contribute information to the government in relation to land-use policies and soil conservation measures. Slope grade map, soil map and land use mapwere overlaid with ArcGIS 10.0, resulted to eleven units of land use include forest land, shrubs, paddy fields mixed farms and settlements. Erosion was occurred at all units of land use except in residential type. The field survey was conducted at seven units of land use to observe the slope length, slope, vegetation dominant, and check those units whether still have potential to practise long-term farming management. Soil sampling is done randomly on each unit of land, three samples were taken from each unit namely disturbed and un-disturbed sampling Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to predict the soil erosion rate. The results showed the erosion that occurs at the watershed Kawatuna is classified at low to moderate level. Low erosion occurs at wetland and forest and the moderate happens at mixed garden, shrub land, and fields. The dominant factor that caused erosion in this region is ground erovisity, followed by crop management and conservation measures

Bay' Al-Salam dan Bay' Al-Istisna' (Kajian terhadap Produk Perekonomian Islam)

Bentuk-bentuk pokok dalam akad jual beli yang telah dibahas oleh para ulama fiqh muamalah terbilang cukup banyak. Jumlahnya bisa mencapai belasan bahkan sampai puluhan. Sungguhpun demikian, dari sekian banyak itu, ada tiga jenis jual beli yang telah dikembangkan sebagai sandaran pokok dalam pembiayaan modal kerja dan investasi dalam perbankan syariah yaitu murabahah, as-salam, dan al-istishna. Dengan semakin berkembangnya pembahasan tentang ekonomi Islam tuntutan untuk menggunakan transaksi yang praktis dan sesuai dengan syariah Islam pun terus meningkat. Bay' al-salam dan Bay'al-istihsna' merupakan akad jual beli yang terjadi ketika sesorang menginginkan suatu barang dengan karakteristik tertentu untuk membelinya, sedangkan barang tersebut belum ada saat terjadi akad. Walaupun demikian kedua akad ini banyak diminati dengan pertimbangan akad dan barangnya jelas, walaupun dengan cara pemesanan baik pada bay'al-salam mapun bay'al-istishna' melalui pola pembayaran secara tunai ataupun dengan cicilan dengan kriteria dan persyaratan yang telah disepakati oleh kedua belah pihak. Kedua akad ini juga merupakan jawaban dari permasalahan hukum bagaimana ketika seseorang melakukan muamalah melalui media internet yang para pihak tidak ada dalam satu majlis. Indikasi ini menunjukkan bila akad-akad dalam muamalah Islam mampu menjawab perkembangan zaman kontemporer