Third-party Ownership in Football

"Third Party Ownership" is one of the restraint of Trade Law in Sport, whereby a third party acquires all or part of the player's economic rights for financing the player or injecting cash into the club. Contrary to  the common perception in the field, this mechanism does not grant the decision-making power of the contract to a third party, and therefore, this will not lead to a type of slavery or curtail a player’s freedom. As the result, it will not result in the third party’s interference in implementation of the contract which is in breach of Article 960 of the Civil Code and Article 18 of the FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players. In practice, various countries adopted different approached to the validity of this mechanism. The present study shows that by relying on economic efficiency and justice this mechanism merely entitles a third party to the player’s incomes in his future transfers without any unfair wealth transfer to third parties. FIFA regulations do not prohibit any investment by a third party, but they have banned him from influencing over club’s decisions. The mechanism could be introduced as a business model for football

The annihilating-ideal graph of Zn\mathbb{Z}_n is weakly perfect

A graph is called weakly perfect if its vertex chromatic number equals its clique number. Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity and $\mathbb{A}(R)$ be the set of ideals with non-zero annihilator. The annihilating-ideal graph of $R$ is defined as the graph $\mathbb{AG}(R)$ with the vertex set $\mathbb{A}(R)^{*}=\mathbb{A}(R)\setminus\{0\}$ and two distinct vertices $I$ and $J$ are adjacent if and only if $IJ=0$. In this paper, we show that the graph $\mathbb{AG}(\mathbb{Z}_n)$, for every positive integer $n$, is weakly perfect. Moreover, the exact value of the clique number of $\mathbb{AG}(\mathbb{Z}_n)$ is given and it is proved that $\mathbb{AG}(\mathbb{Z}_n)$ is class 1 for every positive integer ${n}$

Application of modified bentonite using sulfuric acid for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions

Background: Environmental contamination by chromium (Cr) has become an important issue due to its adverse effects on human health and environment. This study was done to evaluate the application of modified bentonite using sulfuric acid as an adsorbent in the removal of hexavalent Cr from aqueous solution. Methods: Adsorbent features were determined using x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Thereafter, the effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and different concentrations of Cr was investigated. The experimental data was fitness in terms of kinetic and equilibrium adsorption processes. Results: The maximum capacity (Qm) of Cr(VI) according to Langmuir model was obtained at 4.21 mg/g. The experimental data properly obeyed the Longmuir and pseudo-second-order models. The highest percentage of Cr(VI) adsorption was observed at pH = 3 and the process after 60 minutes reached the equilibrium state. Conclusion: In Langmuir expression, the dimensionless constant separation term (RL) values for the adsorption of Cr onto the modified bentonite was in the range of 0-1, indicating that the adsorption is a favorable process and the modified bentonite has good potential in removing hexavalent Cr using sulfuric acid.\u

Studying the Polypropylenimine-G2 (PPI-G2) Dendrimer Performance in Removal of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus from Aqueous Solution

Abstract Background: Dendrimers are a subset of branched structures that have certain structural order. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of Polypropylenimine-G2 (PPI-G2) dendrimers in removal of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus from aqueous solution. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, initially dilution of 103 CFU/ml was prepared from each strain of bacteria. Then, different concentrations of dendrimers (0.5, 5, 50 and 500 µg/ml) was added to water. In order to determine the efficiency of dendrimers in removal of bacteria, samples were taken at different times (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min) and were cultured on nutrient agar medium. Samples were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ° C and then the number of colonies was counted. Results: By the increasment of dendrimer concentration and contact time, the number of bacteria in aqueous solution decreased. In times of 40, 50 and 60 minutes, and the concentrations of 50 and 500 µg/ml, all kinds of bacteria in aqueous solution were removed. 0.5 µg/ml of dendrimer concentration had not effect in reducing the number of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. The effect of dendrimer on gram-negative bacteria was weaker than gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that PPI-G2 dendrimer is able to remove Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in aqueous solution. However, using dendrimers can be considered as a new approach for drinking water disinfection but it requires further wide range studies

The performance of mesoporous magnetite zeolite nanocomposite in removing dimethyl phthalate from aquatic environments

<p>In this study, magnetic zeolite nanocomposite with an average diameter of 90–100 nm was synthesized through a chemical co-precipitation method, and used for the adsorption of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) from aqueous solution. The surface morphology of the adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, vibrating sample magnetometer, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer, Emmett, Teller, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Batch system was followed to optimize the conditions for the removal of DMP. The adsorption experiments were carried out in terms of pH, contact time, various concentrations of DMP as well as nanocomposite, and temperature. The results showed that with increase in adsorbent dosage and contact time increased the adsorption efficiency. However, the efficiency decreased by increasing pH and initial DMP concentration. Experimental data were found to fit well with Langmuir isotherm (<i>R</i>² > 0.981) in all the studied temperatures. Adsorption kinetics also showed that the adsorption behavior follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (<i>R</i>² > 0.996). Besides, thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process occurs spontaneously and is inherently endothermic. The DMP adsorption efficiency did not change after 10 batch sorption–desorption reactions, indicating the potential application prospect of the synthesized adsorbent in real water treatment.</p