2,875 research outputs found
CoAP and MQTT Measurements over LoRaWAN
Abstract. Internet of Things (IoT) enables the system of interrelated computing devices such as sensors and actuators. Thus, IoT faces few challenges to execute predefined functionalities during device-to-device communication. Low latency, high bandwidth, privacy, security, reliability, resource and energy efficiency are key challenges in the IoT paradigm. The fundamental requirement includes uninterrupted secure and reliable services. The challenges become even more controversial for low powered IoT devices during information over the long-distance (measured in kilometer) especially when the bandwidth is subject to free of cost. Different network layer supports are required for present Internet of Things (IoT) solutions β from applications at a higher level to media-based support at a lower level. The interoperability of the fragmented IoT solutions are being enabled by various emerging integration platforms. However, Long-Range Wireless Area Network (LoRaWAN) is used to exchange small data packet in such long distance. On the other hand, IoT required suitable communication protocols for power critical IoT devices. Many studies show the possibility of using Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) as two major enabling IoT communication protocols to act as middleware to obtain low power consumption, sporadic transmission, and robustness to interference. The main basis of the thesis work is to measure and analysis the performance of the MQTT protocol over LoRaWAN. To implement the analytical approach, MQTT and CoAP protocols are used as a transport vehicle or interoperability middleware on a full TCP/IP-stack to connect end devices, and data transmit over the LoRaWAN. This thesis performed the analytical performance for different Spreading Factors (SF) or Data Rates (DR) along with different payload sizes (the message length) over LoRaWAN by using MQTT and CoAP protocols. In LoRaWAN, the Receive_Delay1 and Receive_Delay2, the minimum time duration needed to establish an MQTT connection is one second for Receive_Delay1, while the maximum is two seconds for Receive_Delay2. The analysis shows for uplink and downlink time and proposes various important facts for future aspects
Size dependent magnetic and electrical properties of Ba-doped nanocrystalline BiFeO
Improvement in magnetic and electrical properties of multiferroic BiFeO
in conjunction with their dependence on particle size is crucial due to its
potential applications in multifunctional miniaturized devices. In this
investigation, we report a study on particle size dependent structural,
magnetic and electrical properties of sol-gel derived
BiBaFeO nanoparticles of different sizes ranging from
12 to 49 nm. The substitution of Bi by Ba significantly suppresses
oxygen vacancies, reduces leakage current density and Fe state. An
improvement in both magnetic and electrical properties is observed for 10 %
Ba-doped BiFeO nanoparticles compared to its undoped counterpart. The
saturation magnetization of BiBaFeO nanoparticles increase
with reducing particle size in contrast with a decreasing trend of
ferroelectric polarization. Moreover, a first order metamagnetic transition is
noticed for 49 nm BiBaFeO nanoparticles which
disappeared with decreasing particle size. The observed strong size dependent
multiferroic properties are attributed to the complex interaction between
vacancy induced crystallographic defects, multiple valence states of Fe,
uncompensated surface spins, crystallographic distortion and suppression of
spiral spin cycloid of BiFeO.Comment:
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