What Determines the Behaviour of Real Exchange Rate in Pakistan?

It is now widely acknowledged that the role of the real exchange rate is crucial in the adjustment process of the economy. While exchange rates are, generally, relative prices of national currencies under a floating rate regime, they may be viewed as being determined by the interaction of supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets. This premise, though uncontentious, renders simply a beginning for comprehending the determination of the exchange rate and its ensuing relationship to various macroeconomic variables and to policy. It has been argued rather forcefully [e.g., Edwards and Wijnbergen (1987); Edwards (1988, 1988a); Khan (1986); Khan and Lizondo (1987)] that any analysis in this regard to be labelled as comprehensive would characterise the exchange rate as being detc;:rmined by a complex process of interaction simultaneously with other variables in tbe national and international macroeconomy rather than being determined simply by 'purchasing power parity' (PPP) as proposed by Cassel (1918). Citing Cassel's writings in this context, Officer (1976) noted the reasons for such a departure from a stable relationship between the real exchange rate and the PPP as being due to frequent trade restrictions, distorted tariff policies, speculations in the 'foreign exchange market, large capital outflows, government's heavy handed ~intervention in the foreign exchange markets, etc

Histopathological studies of EUS affected shing, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) from a fish farm of Mymensingh, Bangladesh

An investigation was carried out to observe histopathological changes in liver and kidney of suspected epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)-affected shing fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) collected from the "Agro-3 fish farm" situated at Boilor, Trishal, Mymensingh. Focal necrosis, haemorrhages and atrophy of the sinusoidal region were observed in the liver tissue. Fungal granulomas were found both in liver and kidney. In some cases fatty depositions were observed in all over the hepatic tissue. Degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells were also occurred. Missing of glomerulus and necrosis surrounding the Bowman's capsule in the kidney tissue were found

Studi Kritis Filsafat Islam Terhadap Filsafat Ilmu Administrasi (Studi Kasus pada Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mencermati pola pemikiran (framework) kajian filsafat dalam materi ajar mata kuliah Filsafat Ilmu Administrasi di Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya; (2) mengetahui pandangan filsafat Islam terhadap kajian literatur filsafat ilmu administrasi yang digunakan pada Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya; dan (3) mengkomparasikan pandangan filsafat Islam dengan filsafat ilmu administrasi, khususnya pada item yang diperbincangkan dalam literatur filsafat ilmu administrasi di Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui riset kepustakaan (library research), dan kajiannya disajikan secara deskriptif dan analitis, yakni analitis dalam pengertian historis dan filosofis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa framework materi ajar pengajaran filsafat ilmu administrasi di Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi mengacu/berorientasi pada filsafat barat (Yunani). Hal ini dibuktikan bahwa (a) konsep ilmu yang digunakan meyakini bahwa ilmu murni berasal/hasil dari hasil akar pikiran manusia. Dimana sumber kielmuannya adalah akal, rasio, indra dan intusi. Yang kemudian berkembang menjadi banyak cabang ilmu antara lain dapat dikelompokan menjadi ilmu alam, sosial dan humaniora. Dimana ilmu diyakini bebas nilai (value free) (b) hakekat manusia menurut filsafat barat tidak ada kepastian (semu): homo sapiens, manusia purba (teori evolusi Darwin), (c) konsep kebenaran dalam filsafat barat bersifat Relatif, Parsial, Subjektif, Scientific logic, Scientific rasional, dan Empirisistik. (d) value system filsafat barat berkiblat pada nilai filosofis yang ada dalam ilmu administrasi terdiri dari (1) kegiatan, (2) kerjasama, (3) tujuan, (4) efisiensi dan efektifitas; serta (5) organisasi; (e) etika dalam filsafat barat mengacu pada moralitas sosial dan Situasional (etika ekonomi, etika politik, dll). Temuan berikutnya adalalah bahwa kajian filsafat islam terhadap literatur filsafat ilmu administrasi di Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi mengacu/berorientasi pada filsafat barat (Yunani). Hal ini dibuktikan bahwa (a) konsep ilmu yang digunakan meyakini bahwa ilmu berasal/hasil dari Tuhan melalui Al-Quran dan hadis yang bersifat rasional, empiris. Dimana ilmu diyakini tidak bebas nilai/netral (value free) dengan tujuan mencapai kemaslahatan dengan ma‘rifat dan ridho Allah. (b) hakekat manusia menurut filsafat islam adalah melaksanakan amanah: menyembah (abdullah), penguasa (khalifah), (c) konsep kebenaran dalam filsafat islam bersifat Absolut, Universal Objektif, Universal logic, Scientific Universal, dan Metafisik. (d) value system filsafat berkiblat pada nilai administrasi islam yaitu : ta‘awun, efisiensi dan efektifitas, niat dan harakah; (e) etika dalam filsafat barat mengacu pada moralitas individu dan sosial dan universalitas. Analitis kritis kajian filsafat pada mata kuliah filsafat ilmu administrasi dalam filsafat Islam : Hakikat Ilmu. Dengan berbagai prinsip keilmuannya, ilmu administrasi jelas sangat sekuler. Paham sekular yang berkiblat pada paham meterialisme tidak mengaitkan keilmuannya dengan Tuhan (aqidah). Sedang Islam adalah religius. Demikian juga pandangan-Islam mengenai ilmu. Di dalam Islam, ilmu bukanlah sekedar materi tanpa makna, melainkan tanda (ayat) dari kehadiran dan kebesaran Allah. Manusia. Ilmu administrasi secara umum ataupun Filsafat Ilmu Admnistrasi khususnya dapat menangkap makna dan hakikat manusia yang tidak saja dimaknai basyar dan insan tetapi lebih dari itu adalah an-nas yang memiliki tujuan hidup yang mulia sebagai khalifah di bumi dan bukan hanya untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi yang prakmatis dan rektif serta materialistis. Kebenaran, menurut Ilmu Administrasi bahwa kebenaran itu harus rasional, empiris dan pragmatis. Dari kriteria tersebut secara garis besar dalam filsafat ilmu administrasi muncul tiga aliran paham yang menjadi sumber dalam memaknai kebenaran, yaitu rasionalisme, emperisme

Disease problems in shrimp sector in Khulna district of Bangladesh: a question of sustainability

Disease is the main restraining factor for the development of shrimp sector in Bangladesh. Both brackish water shrimp bagda (Penaeus monodon) and freshwater prawn golda, (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming in Bangladesh have been facing disease problem. A study on disease outbreak in both brackish water and freshwater small-scale shrimp farms (gher) in Khulna district was carried out through interviewing randomly selected 3-5% of shrimp farmers with a structured questionnaire during March to December, 2002. The study showed that 97% bagda farming ghers and 80% golda farming ghers were affected by disease. White spot disease was the severe disease for bagda, whereas, antenna rot was the main disease for freshwater prawn. Change of water and liming were carried out as control measures of disease for bagda shrimp farming, while it was only liming for golda farming. A small number of shrimp farmers (15%) used chemicals for treatment of shrimp diseases. Development of suitable farming technology to prevent disease contamination and innovation of proper treatments for diseases are required to overcome the disease problems for sustainable shrimp farming in Bangladesh

الأعیاد والولائم في إندونیسیا أحكامھا وآدابھا في الفقھ الإسلامي قدمت هذه الرسالة لتكملة شروط الحصول على شهادة الماجستير في الشريعة الإسلامية Holiday and wedding party in Indonesia, law and courtesies in review of Islamic fiqih

Amounts of holiday and wedding party in Indonesia that was removing and growing to cause difference perspectives of ulama in punishing and construing it. Make the reason to write it in this thesis, with the purpose knowing of law and courtesies related with holiday and wedding party. This thesis used direct analysis method to the people and literation of library with compared the oldest and contemporary ulama’s opinions in all of problem, before out of result that choose and strong. And this thesis was till at the conclusion that holiday there was in Indonesia, considerate from Islamic law divided into three sides, which are agreedable to, disagreed able to and agreed unable to. Among of important matter in this thesis is discussion about law and courtesies in holiday and wedding party and explanation how to construe the difference inside, completed with the deflections there were it, and solution for Indonesian people in this problem

Pandangan Muhammad Rasyid Ridha Terhadap Argument Pluralism Agama Dalam Tafsir Al Mannar

Tesis yang berjudul Pandangan Muhammad Rasyîd Ridhâ Terhadap Pluralisme Agama Dalam Tafsîr Al Mannâr ini mempunyai tiga tujuan yaitu: pertama, ditujukan untuk mengetahui benarkah Muhammad Rasyîd Ridhâ mengakui Pluralisme agama, kedua, ditujukan untuk mengetahui penafsiran Muhammad Rasyîd Ridhâ terhadap ayat-ayat yang diklaim sebagai argument pluralisme agama, ketiga, ditujukan untuk mengetahui sebab mengapa Rasyîd Ridhâ sering dijadikan rujukan oleh para pemaham Pluralisme Agama. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis kualitatif deskriptif dalam menganalisa data yang ada. Penggunaan metode analisis kualitatif deskriptif ini diharapkan bisa mendeskripsikan permasalahan dan data yang berkaitan dengan tema penelitian, guna mendapatkan kesimpulan tentang pandangan Muhammad Rasyîd Ridhâ terhadap pluralisme agama. Riset ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa Rasyid Ridha dalam bidang toleransi menyimpulkan, Islam adalah agama yang tidak memperbolehkan pencelaan terhadap tuhan-tuhan agama lain, karena akan berujung kepada penistaan dan keributan antar agama. Islam juga mengakui keberadaan agama ahli kitab sebelum Islam, agama tersebut mempunyai wahyu khusus yang diturunkan kepada mereka, dan keselamatan ummatnya bergantung kepada ketaatan terhadap wahyu tersebut. Rasyid juga menyimpulkan bahwa sikap Islam terhadap orang di luar Islam (kafir) sangat bervariasi, Islam akan berbuat baik terhadap kaum yang berbuat baik kepadanya, namun sebaliknya Islam akan menyerang kaum yang menantang dan menyerangnya. Rasyid Ridha memperbolehkan pernikahan dengan ahli kitab, dengan syarat-syarat yang islami, namun berbeda dengan pernikahan muslim terhadap orang orang musyrik, ia mengharamkan pernikahan tersebut secara mutlaq. Rasyid Ridha menyimpulkan bahwa melaksanakan jihad adalah secara kontekstual, bila tantangan yang sedang dihadapi kaum muslim adalah tantangan senjata, maka mengangkat senjata itu wajib, akan tetapi bila tantangan yang dihadapi adalah tantangan pemikiran, maka membekali kaum muslim dari pengeroposan aqidah mereka, adalah sebuah kewajiban. Seluruh tema tersebut ditafsirkan Rasyid Ridha menggunakan asas dan metode tafsir yang ada dalam lingkup ilmu tafsir, sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa Rasyid Ridha tidak pernah mendasarkan lima tema tersebut dengan dasar pluralisme agama, jadi kesimpulan akhir dari tesis ini adalah Rasyid Ridha tidak pernah mengakui dan membenarkan Pluralisme agama

أحكام الدخانوالمتعلقات به في الفقه الإسلامي الرسالة المقدمةلنيلدرجةماجستير في برنامج الشريعة الإسلامية قسمالفقهو أصولهبجامعةسو راكرتاالمحمدية (Hukum Rokok dan Yang Berkaitan Dengannya Didalam Fiqh Islam)

The most population of Muslim countriesin the world and especially in our country, Indonesia, are habitual smoker. It’s damage and make the soul, spirit, and body to the causes of death due to smoking. We found differences in provisions on smoking and provisions belongings in Islamic jurisprudence. This requires deep research to this topic especially regarding justice and a binding ruling of religius in the smoke and related what happensin the human society. The type of research that carried out by the researcher of this study is literature research, and to analyze those facts, the researcher took the following approaches are: Descriptive Method, Inductive Method and Analysis Method. By this research the researcher was deduce that the rule of current issues in the community because of the smoke in Islamic jurisprudence such as selling smoke and the cultivation and giving fasting break by smoking, company from dealing with smoker,scholarship from Tobacco Company,Therapeutics smoke and the leadership of smoker is proscribed, by this the researcher was agree by the reason who proscribed it and their evidence.The researcher sure that smoke damage are greater than it’s benefit. Whereas acording to the researcher the provisions ofthe problems that was happened in the society as the prohibition of husband on their wife to smoke is the duty, and causing smoke garlic and onions when the researcher is not appropriate. The smoke is harmful to body and mind, health, money and other, and long as the well is absolutely proscribed to drink and chew also the cultivation, manufacture, sale and purchase and also inhalant to nose as it’s inhalant snuff

أحكام الحضاةً في الفقه الإسلاهي هقارةً بقاوًى الأحوال الشخصية الليبي )دراسة فقهية مقارنة( Ahkam Al-hadhonah Fi Al-fiqh Al-Islamy Muqoranah Bi Qonun Al Wa As-Syakhshiyah Al-aliby

This message looking for a nursery in the provisions of Islamic jurisprudence and Libyan law. This thesis is applied for Islamic Law master Program, Muhammadiyyah University of Surakarta. Arranged by: Tahani Mahmoud Saad. NIM: O20012000. Supervised by Dr.Muhammad Muinudinillah Basry, MA and Dr. Mohamed Abdel Khalik Hassan. Year 2014 AD - 1435 H. This message qualitative research office, which made me posting this research, is the large number of issues on the nursery in the courtyard of the judiciary in the Libyan society and the problems of supply in the following research: how to reconcile the law with the Libyan Islamic jurisprudence in the door of the provisions of the nursery? Where my goal is to liberate accountable nursery comparative study of Islamic jurisprudence with Are said the four schools with Libyan law. The approach taken by the research methodology Allosteric analytical comparison. Find the most important findings: that the law of personal status Libyan nursery door is consistent with the Maliki school except for some cases, where interest requires otherwise, because throughout the nursery are the interests of the child and because the interest on the introduction of all other interests. As it became clear that the Libyan law leave it to the judge in some cases, in the interest of the child and for the judge to rule it under the authority and with what is agreed with the doctrine the militant also criticized the Libyan law did not address some of the texts in the nursery but there is a text item number (72, paragraph b) mentions where if there is no legislative text can be applied he is condemned under Islamic Sharia principles most relevant to the provisions of this law and this indicates that the Personal Status law in the Libyan nursery door with a conciliator Islamic jurisprudence because originally derives its legitimacy from Islamic jurisprudence

Investigation of the New Room Temperature Ionic Liquid of Al(NO3)3.9H2O with Urea CO(NH2)2

Mixing aluminum nitrate nonahydrate with urea produced room temperatures clear colorless ionic liquid with lowest freezing temperature at (1: 1.2) mole ratio respectively. Freezing point phase diagram was determined and density, viscosity and conductivity were measured at room temperature. It showed physical properties similar to other ionic liquids. FT-IR,UV-Vis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR were used to study the interaction between its species where - CO ??? Al- bond was suggested and basic ion [Al(NO3)4]? and acidic ions [Al(NO3)2. xU]+ were proposed. Water molecule believed to interact with both ions. Redox potential was determined to be about 2 Volt from – 0.6 to + 1.4 Volt with thermal stability up to 326 ?

MHD Peristaltic Flow of a Couple Stress Fluids with Heat and Mass Transfer through a Porous Medium

In the present article, we have studied the effects of heat and mass transfer on the MHD flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting couple stress fluid through a porous medium in an asymmetric flexible channel over which a traveling wave of contraction and expansion is produced, resulting in a peristaltic motion. The flow is examined in a wave frame of reference moving with the velocity of the wave. Formulas of dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration are obtained analytically under assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The effects of various parameters of interest such as the couple stress fluid parameter, Darcy number, Hartmann number and Schmidt number on these formulas were discussed and illustrated graphically through a set of figures. Key words: peristalsis,  Couple stress fluid,  Porous medium,  MHD flow, Heat transfer,  Mass transfer