Set-based Design Method for Multi-objective Structural Design with Conflicting Performances Under Topological Change

In car manufacturing, sustainable structural design with multiple conflicting objectives like weight reduction for less CO2 emission, strength and rigidity is essential. This research focuses on topological optimization method with which greater weight reduction is expected to be achieved. In view of the application of preference set-based design (PSD) method, topologically satisfied design is considered. We applied PSD method to the design of topological model. This study indicates the efficacy of PSD method to topological design problems including weight reduction aspect

O-Alkylation of Dihydroxo(tetraarylporphyrinato)phosphorus(V) and Antimony(V) Complexes with Alkyl Halides

The O-alkylation of dihydroxo(tetraarylporphyrinato)phosphorus(V) complexes with several kinds of alkyl bromide in MeCN in the presence of K2CO3 and 18-crown-6 ether produced dialkoxo(tetraarylporphyrinato)phosphorus(V) complexes in-moderate-good yields. Similar O-alkylation was applied to dihydroxo(tetraarylporphyrinato)antimony(V) complexes. The O-alkylation proceeded by the occurrence of an SN2 attack of the alkoxide anion of the complexes at the carbon substituted with halides

Outcomes after stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung tumors, with emphasis on comparison of primary lung cancer and metastatic lung tumors

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to determine the prognostic factors associated with an improved overall outcome after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for primary lung cancer and metastatic lung tumors. METHODS: A total of 229 lung tumors in 201 patients were included in the study. SBRT of 45 Gy in 3 fractions, 48 Gy in 4 fractions, 60 Gy in 8 fractions or 60 Gy in 15 fractions was typically used to treat 172 primary lungs cancer in 164 patients and 57 metastatic lung tumors in 37 patients between January 2001 and December 2011. Prognostic factors for local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The median biologically effective dose was 105.6 Gy based on alpha/beta = 10 (BED10). The median follow-up period was 41.9 months. The 3-year LC and OS rates were 72.5% and 60.9%, and the 5-year LC and OS rates were 67.8% and 38.1%, respectively. Radiation pneumonitis of grades 2, 3 and 5 occurred in 22 petients, 6 patients and 1 patient, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that tumor origin (primary lung cancer or metastatic lung tumor, p < 0.001), tumor diameter (p = 0.005), BED10 (p = 0.029) and date of treatment (p = 0.011) were significant independent predictors for LC and that gender (p = 0.012), tumor origin (p = 0.001) and tumor diameter (p < 0.001) were significant independent predictors for OS. CONCLUSIONS: SBRT resulted in good LC and tolerable treatment-related toxicities. Tumor origin and tumor diameter are significant independent predictors for both overall survival and local control