Formulation of laundry soap using locally made Palm Kernel Oil in Nigeria

Soap is one of the most important thing used for human daily life activities in cleansing and skin care purposes. Palm Kernel Oil is an edible oil that has many advantages in soap making, shampoo, and other skin care products. It also has so many medicinal properties like removal of toxins from the body. Palm Kernel Oil locally produced in Anyigba (Nigeria) was used to prepare the soap with lye aqueous solution using both Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and other additives using cold process. The pH- value, Solubility and foam height were checked. The pH-values of the soap samples was found to be 9.88 – 10.00 and was within the limit set by standard organization of Nigeria. The prepared soap with the pH-values above does not irritate the skin and has good cleaning and foaming property

Recent technical and non-technical biorefinery development barriers and potential solutions for a sustainable environment: A mini review

Diverse biomass sources are used in advanced processes called biorefineries to create biofuels, high-value products and for industrial effluents treatment. Making a workable model for its legal execution, however, is a simple task. The issues relating to innovation and financial reasonability are the most pressing ones. The structures for gathering, storing, and harvesting feedstocks; the biorefinery conversion procedures ranging from pre-treatment, essential refining, secondary filtration, purification, item moulding, recovery and yet again utilisation of result streams. The general non-technical deployment drivers and obstacles in the fields of industrial effluent treatment such as environmental concerns, societal concerns, and legislation will be investigated. Although the complexity of treatment systems earned nearly equal high scores, high (production) costs are still seen as key deterrents to the deployment of biorefineries. Additionally deemed significant were the dearth of sustainability proof and the perception of food competitiveness. To meet the requirements of both present and future generations, it is also essential that we strike a balance between economic development and environmental protection