Transient spray behaviour of an air-assisted liquid injector

This paper presents an experimental study of an air-assisted, direct fuel injector in a constant volume chamber. This injector is the principal component of a spray guided injection system manufactured by Orbital Australia, Pty. Ltd. Ensemble averaged, planar images of the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and Mie scattering from the spray are obtained to measure the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) for varying injection and chamber pressures. Back-illuminated images are also obtained at the same conditions, and the penetration length and spray width are also determined. Non-dimensional parameters for both the SMD and the penetration rate are then proposed, and which achieve good collapse of the experimental results. This demonstrates the significant injection parameters that control the spray behaviour.</p

Transient behaviour of the fuel spray from an air-assisted, direct fuel injector

The transient behaviour of the fuel spray from an air-assisted fuel injector in a constant volume chamber has been investigated experimentally. The relative Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray droplets was determined using planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) and planar Mie scattering. Planar images of the ensemble averaged relative SMD with various injection conditions were obtained by calculating the ratio between the two laser light intensities at a given point. The penetration length and the spray shape factor were also obtained. The ensemble averaged results suggest the existence of vortices that are shed from the injector tip, and which entrain the smaller droplets. Results also show that the characteristics of the injector vary weakly with several particular injection parameters, notably the fuel injection pressure and the delay between fuel and air injection.</p

Effect of chamber pressure on the spray from an air-assisted, direct fuel injector

The transient behaviour of the fuel spray from an air-assisted fuel injector has been investigated experimentally in a constant volume chamber (CVC), whilst varying the chamber pressure. Ensemble averaged, planar images of the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and Mie scattering from the spray have been obtained, as well as back-illuminated images. The effect of the ambient pressure on the spray penetration of the air-assisted fuel injector is determined. Unlike conventional single-phase injectors, large vortex structures are observed, indicating that the air and liquid motion are strongly coupled. These results also show that the spray penetration varies significantly with chamber pressure.</p

sj-pdf-3-pmj-10.1177_02692163221147076 – Supplemental material for Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale in Hindi: Toward capturing palliative needs and concerns in Hindi speaking patients

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-pmj-10.1177_02692163221147076 for Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale in Hindi: Toward capturing palliative needs and concerns in Hindi speaking patients by Tushti Bhardwaj, Rachel L Chambers, Harry Watson, aaaaaaaaa Srividya, Irene J Higginson and Mevhibe B Hocaoglu in Palliative Medicine</p

sj-pdf-2-pmj-10.1177_02692163221147076 – Supplemental material for Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale in Hindi: Toward capturing palliative needs and concerns in Hindi speaking patients

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-pmj-10.1177_02692163221147076 for Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale in Hindi: Toward capturing palliative needs and concerns in Hindi speaking patients by Tushti Bhardwaj, Rachel L Chambers, Harry Watson, aaaaaaaaa Srividya, Irene J Higginson and Mevhibe B Hocaoglu in Palliative Medicine</p

sj-pdf-1-pmj-10.1177_02692163221147076 – Supplemental material for Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale in Hindi: Toward capturing palliative needs and concerns in Hindi speaking patients

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-pmj-10.1177_02692163221147076 for Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale in Hindi: Toward capturing palliative needs and concerns in Hindi speaking patients by Tushti Bhardwaj, Rachel L Chambers, Harry Watson, aaaaaaaaa Srividya, Irene J Higginson and Mevhibe B Hocaoglu in Palliative Medicine</p

Experimental and numerical analysis of engine gas exchange, combustion and heat transfer during warm-up

This paper presents experimental and computational results obtained on an in line, six cylinder, naturally aspirated, gasoline engine. Steady state measurements were first collected for a wide range of cam and spark timings versus throttle position and engine speed at part and full load. Simulations were performed by using an engine thermo-fluid model. The model was validated with measured steady state air and fuel flow rates and indicated and brake mean effective pressures. The model provides satisfactory accuracy and demonstrates the ability of the approach to produce fairly accurate steady state maps of BMEP and BSFC. However, results show that three major areas still need development especially at low loads, namely combustion, heat transfer and friction modeling, impacting respectively on IMEP and FMEP computations. Satisfactory measurement ofsmall IMEP and derivation of FMEP at low loads is also amajor issue.Measurements of fuel consumption were then collected during warm up for different configurations of the cooling system, with a standard mechanical water pump (MWP) and an electrical water pump (EWP), at a constant BMEP and engine speed. Simulations were performed by using the previous model to compute IMEP and FMEP. Modeling friction during warm-up, when temperatures of head metal, block metal, coolant and oil are well below hot steady values and decoupled to some extent (split or no flow coolant tests) proves to be challenging. Computational results complement the experimental data, demonstrating the utility of theintegrated approach in improving the design of the cooling system for faster warm-up.</p

Experimental and numerical study of an air assisted fuel injector for a D.I.S.I. engine

The transient behaviour of the fuel spray from an air assisted fuel injector has been investigated bothnumerically and experimentally in a Constant VolumeChamber (CVC) and an optical engine. This two phaseinjector is difficult to analyse numerically andexperimentally because of the strong coupling betweenthe gas and liquid phases. The gas driven atomization ofliquid fuel involves liquid film formation, separation andbreak up and also liquid droplet coalescence, break up,splashing, bouncing, evaporation and collision. Furthermore, the liquid phase is the dominant phase inmany regions within the injector.Experimental results are obtained by using Mie scattering, Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Laser Sheet Drop sizing (LSD) techniques. Computational results are obtained by using a mixed Lagrangian/Eulerian approach in a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) code. Injector rig results show a good atomization of the spray with lowspray width and penetration and Sauter Mean Diameters SMD) of droplets of order 10 ?m. Engine results show a spray with a relatively low penetration producing liquid fuel and vapour fuel concentrations close to the central location of the injector and spark plug for stratified, lean mode of operation. Imaging of this injector operating inside an engine confirms the overall design approach for stratified operation.</p