3,961 research outputs found
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of perovskite-type transition-metal oxides and their analyses using tight-binding band structure
Nowadays it has become feasible to perform angle-resolved photoemission
spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements of transition-metal oxides with
three-dimensional perovskite structures owing to the availability of
high-quality single crystals of bulk and epitaxial thin films. In this article,
we review recent experimental results and interpretation of ARPES data using
empirical tight-binding band-structure calculations. Results are presented for
SrVO (SVO) bulk single crystals, and LaSrFeO (LSFO) and
LaSrMnO (LSMO) thin films. In the case of SVO, from comparison
of the experimental results with calculated surface electronic structure, we
concluded that the obtained band dispersions reflect the bulk electronic
structure. The experimental band structures of LSFO and LSMO were analyzed
assuming the G-type antiferromagnetic state and the ferromagnetic state,
respectively. We also demonstrated that the intrinsic uncertainty of the
electron momentum perpendicular to the crystal surface is important for the
interpretation of the ARPES results of three-dimensional materials.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figure
Making space for embedded knowledge in global mental health: a role for social work
The ‘Global Mental Health’ (GMH) movement, an influential driver of transnational knowledge transfer in the field of mental health, advocates evidence-based strategies to ‘scale up’ services in low- and middle-income countries. As with debates on global and local frameworks for social work, there are concerns about marginalisation of knowledge that does not neatly fit the GMH discourse. This article analyses the professional and disciplinary structures that shape knowledge transfer in GMH and the implications for social work's engagement with the movement. Analysis of key documents and secondary literature identifies three key issues for GMH: its potentially negative impact on ‘local’ knowledge production; the challenges of accounting for culture and context; and the selective forms of evidence that are ‘allowed’ to contribute to GMH. Finding ways to encompass more ‘situated’ perspectives could reshape GMH in accord with its aspirations for participation by a wider range of stakeholders. Social work's values-based commitment to rights and empowerment, emphasis on embedded knowledge emerging from close links with practice, and theoretical engagement with social, cultural and political context, enable the profession to contribute significantly to this task. Such engagement would bring improvements in care for those suffering from mental health disorders, their families and communities
First direct observation of the Van Hove singularity in the tunneling spectra of cuprates
In two-dimensional lattices the electronic levels are unevenly spaced, and
the density of states (DOS) displays a logarithmic divergence known as the Van
Hove singularity (VHS). This is the case in particular for the layered cuprate
superconductors. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) probes the DOS, and is
therefore the ideal tool to observe the VHS. No STM study of cuprate
superconductors has reported such an observation so far giving rise to a debate
about the possibility of observing directly the normal state DOS in the
tunneling spectra. In this study, we show for the first time that the VHS is
unambiguously observed in STM measurements performed on the cuprate Bi-2201.
Beside closing the debate, our analysis proves the presence of the pseudogap in
the overdoped side of the phase diagram of Bi-2201 and discredits the scenario
of the pseudogap phase crossing the superconducting dome.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Why Some Interfaces Cannot be Sharp
A central goal of modern materials physics and nanoscience is control of
materials and their interfaces to atomic dimensions. For interfaces between
polar and non-polar layers, this goal is thwarted by a polar catastrophe that
forces an interfacial reconstruction. In traditional semiconductors this
reconstruction is achieved by an atomic disordering and stoichiometry change at
the interface, but in multivalent oxides a new option is available: if the
electrons can move, the atoms don`t have to. Using atomic-scale electron energy
loss spectroscopy we find that there is a fundamental asymmetry between
ionically and electronically compensated interfaces, both in interfacial
sharpness and carrier density. This suggests a general strategy to design sharp
interfaces, remove interfacial screening charges, control the band offset, and
hence dramatically improving the performance of oxide devices.Comment: 12 pages of text, 6 figure
ALK immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of ALK translocated lung adenocarcinomas: lessons from an audit of lung cancer molecular testing in South-East of Scotland
Background The approval of novel targeted treatments for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer has led to the increased requirement for mutation testing.
Results We report our experience of ALK testing with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) and present the prevalence of EGFR, Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and ALK mutations. From January 2011 to May 2014, we found mutation rates of EGFR, KRAS and ALK to be 10.4% (67/643), 35.8% (86/240) and 2.3% (7/304), respectively. ALK-rearrangements were found to be associated with never smokers (p < 0.001) and younger patients (≤ 50 years old) (p < 0.001). ALK IHC protein expression in tumour cells is 100% sensitive (7 IHC+/7 FISH+) and 96.6% specific (113 IHC-/117 FISH-) for ALK-rearrangements by FISH. ALK-rearranged tumours were wild-type for EGFR and KRAS.
Conclusion Our findings support the use of ALK protein expression and KRAS mutation testing as part of the molecular diagnostic algorithm for lung adenocarcinomas
What limits supercurrents in high temperature superconductors? A microscopic model of cuprate grain boundaries
The interface properties of high-temperature cuprate superconductors have
been of interest for many years, and play an essential role in Josephson
junctions, superconducting cables, and microwave electronics. In particular,
the maximum critical current achievable in high-Tc wires and tapes is well
known to be limited by the presence of grain boundaries, regions of mismatch
between crystallites with misoriented crystalline axes. In studies of single,
artificially fabricated grain boundaries the striking observation has been made
that the critical current Jc of a grain boundary junction depends exponentially
on the misorientation angle. Until now microscopic understanding of this
apparently universal behavior has been lacking. We present here the results of
a microscopic evaluation based on a construction of fully 3D YBCO grain
boundaries by molecular dynamics. With these structures, we calculate an
effective tight-binding Hamiltonian for the d-wave superconductor with a grain
boundary. The critical current is then shown to follow an exponential
suppression with grain boundary angle. We identify the buildup of charge
inhomogeneities as the dominant mechanism for the suppression of the
supercurrent.Comment: 28 pages, 12 figure
Frequency tuning of the efferent effect on cochlear gain in humans
Cochlear gain reduction via efferent feedback from the medial olivocochlear bundle is frequency specific (Guinan, Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 18:447-453, 2010). The present study with humans used the Fixed Duration Masking Curve psychoacoustical method (Yasin et al., J Acoust Soc Am 133:4145-4155, 2013a; Yasin et al., Basic aspects of hearing: physiology and perception, pp 39-46, 2013b; Yasin et al., J Neurosci 34:15319-15326, 2014) to estimate the frequency specificity of the efferent effect at the cochlear level. The combined duration of the masker-plus-signal stimulus was 25 ms, within the efferent onset delay of about 31-43 ms (James et al., Clin Otolaryngol 27:106-112, 2002). Masker level (4.0 or 1.8 kHz) at threshold was obtained for a 4-kHz signal in the absence or presence of an ipsilateral 60 dB SPL, 160-ms precursor (200-Hz bandwidth) centred at frequencies between 2.5 and 5.5 kHz. Efferent-mediated cochlear gain reduction was greatest for precursors with frequencies the same as, or close to that of, the signal (gain was reduced by about 20 dB), and least for precursors with frequencies well removed from that of the signal (gain remained at around 40 dB). The tuning of the efferent effect filter (tuning extending 0.5-0.7 octaves above and below the signal frequency) is within the range obtained in humans using otoacoustic emissions (Lilaonitkul and Guinan, J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 10:459-470, 2009; Zhao and Dhar, J Neurophysiol 108:25-30, 2012). The 10 dB bandwidth of the efferent-effect filter at 4000 Hz was about 1300 Hz (Q10 of 3.1). The FDMC method can be used to provide an unbiased measure of the bandwidth of the efferent effect filter using ipsilateral efferent stimulation
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