Cost keeping in the leather belting industry

Revised copy of a paper read by Mr. Wm. F. Carroll of the L. L. Harr Corporation of New York at a meeting of the Leather Belting Exchange held at the Hotel Biltmore, New York, Wednesday, December 20, 1916. Our object in visiting the plants and making the investigations was to obtain sufficient information relative to the manufacture and sale of leather belting to enable us to design a uniform cost system for use in all of the plants of the members of the Leather Belting Exchange. Our object is not to attempt to make costs uniform in all plants, but instead, to start with the assumption that the manager of each of the plants is a practical leather belting manufacturer and knows what he is doing, and to design for use in all of the plants a simple, common-sense cost system which can be operated with the least possible amount of clerical labor and which will be absolutely devoid of red tape, but which will make it possible for each manager to know absolutely what it is costing him to produce the belting manufactured in his plant, and to know also that he is including in his costs all of the items of cost which should be included in them and which are being included by all of the other manufacturers of leather belting in the Leather Belting Exchange

Use of a natural hybrid zone for genome-wide association mapping of craniofacial traits in the house mouse

The identification of the genes involved in morphological variation in nature is still a major challenge. Here we explore a new approach: we combine 178 samples from a natural hybrid zone between two subspecies of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus and Mus musculus musculus), and high coverage of the genome (~145K SNPs) to identify loci underlying craniofacial shape variation. Due to the long history of recombination in the hybrid zone, high mapping resolution is anticipated. The combination of genomes from subspecies allows the mapping of both, variation within subspecies and intersubspecific differences, thereby increasing the overall amount of causal genetic variation than can be detected. Skull and mandible shape were measured using 3D landmarks and geometric morphometrics. Using principle component axes as phenotypes, and a linear mixed model accounting for genetic relatedness in the mapping populations, we identified 9 genomic regions associated with skull and 10 with mandible shape. High mapping resolution (median size of significant regions = 148 kb) enabled identification of single or few candidate genes in most cases. Some of the genes act as regulators or modifiers of signaling pathways relevant for morphological development and bone formation, including several with known craniofacial phenotypes in mice and humans. The significant associations combined explain 13% and 7% of the skull and mandible shape variation. In addition, a positive correlation was found between chromosomal length and proportion of variation explained. Our results suggest a complex genetic architecture for shape traits, and support a polygenic model

ITOP 2010 Field Experiment

LONG-TERM GOALS: The long-term goal of this project is to increase understanding of the interaction between the ocean and tropical cyclones over the tropical western North Pacific. Tropical cyclones produce a threedimensional response of the underlying ocean that includes surface currents, upwelling of the thermocline, and formation of a cold wake. These responses then impact the structure and intensity of the tropical cyclone. Specific objectives are to provide leadership to the ITOP field campaign in support of direct measurements of the ocean and tropical cyclone characteristics.Award Number: N0001410WX2133

Self-Preserving: Patterns Guiding the Experience of Interpersonal Conflict for Female Nursing Faculty

The purpose of this study was to identify a substantive theory to explain and predict interpersonal conflict as it is experienced by nursing faculty. Gaining an understanding of this process may assist faculty and administrators of nursing education programs in dealing with interpersonal conflict in more constructive and helpful ways. It may also provide the basis for further development of formal theory and the potential for theory testing. The grounded theory method described by Glaser and Strauss (1967) and Glaser (1978) guided data collection and analysis. The sample was comprised of 18 full-time nursing faculty members from the field site and five other schools of nursing. Data were collected over the course of an academic semester using methods common to field research. The constant comparative method to data analysis was used. As the process evolved it was taken back to informants for further verification and validation of its accuracy. Nursing faculty respond to conflict using four response patterns that are selected based on a careful risk/benefit analysis of the interpersonal dynamics of the situation. The four-stage process of experiencing, making sense, responding, and working through conflict was carried out within the context of the basic social process, self-preserving. Surviving conflict over the long term is viewed as a growth process that includes the learning of behaviors that are self-preserving. The implications of this study are that it provides a basis for further theory development related to how people experience interpersonal conflict. It describes the process used by nursing faculty when interpersonal conflict occurs and identifies interpersonal conflict as a stressful component of the work environment for faculty. Further, it identifies low self-esteem as a possible factor in the development of conflict and in the way it is worked through

Pseudorapidity Distribution of Charged Particles in PbarP Collisions at root(s)= 630GeV

Using a silicon vertex detector, we measure the charged particle pseudorapidity distribution over the range 1.5 to 5.5 using data collected from PbarP collisions at root s = 630 GeV. With a data sample of 3 million events, we deduce a result with an overall normalization uncertainty of 5%, and typical bin to bin errors of a few percent. We compare our result to the measurement of UA5, and the distribution generated by the Lund Monte Carlo with default settings. This is only the second measurement at this level of precision, and only the second measurement for pseudorapidity greater than 3.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, LaTeX format. For ps file see http://hep1.physics.wayne.edu/harr/harr.html Submitted to Physics Letters

Book Reviews

Book reviews by George Norman, John Gillespie, Thomas Broden, John L. Harr, Reginald C. Harmon, and Louis C. Kaplan

Disrupted gene networks in subfertile hybrid house mice

The Dobzhansky–Muller (DM) model provides a widely accepted mechanism for the evolution of reproductive isolation: incompatible substitutions disrupt interactions between genes. To date, few candidate incompatibility genes have been identified, leaving the genes driving speciation mostly uncharacterized. The importance of interactions in the DM model suggests that gene coexpression networks provide a powerful framework to understand disrupted pathways associated with postzygotic isolation. Here, we perform weighted gene coexpression network analysis to infer gene interactions in hybrids of two recently diverged European house mouse subspecies, Mus mus domesticus and M. m. musculus, which commonly show hybrid male sterility or subfertility. We use genome-wide testis expression data from 467 hybrid mice from two mapping populations: F2s from a laboratory cross between wild-derived pure subspecies strains and offspring of natural hybrids captured in the Central Europe hybrid zone. This large data set enabled us to build a robust consensus network using hybrid males with fertile phenotypes. We identify several expression modules, or groups of coexpressed genes, that are disrupted in subfertile hybrids, including modules functionally enriched for spermatogenesis, cilium and sperm flagellum organization, chromosome organization, and DNA repair, and including genes expressed in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. Our network-based approach enabled us to hone in on specific hub genes likely to be influencing module-wide gene expression and hence potentially driving large-effect DM incompatibilities. A disproportionate number of hub genes lie within sterility loci identified previously in the hybrid zone mapping population and represent promising candidate barrier genes and targets for future functional analysis

Stable low-level expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1 )in A549 human bronchogenic carcinoma cell line-derived clones down-regulates E2F1 mRNA and restores cell proliferation control

BACKGROUND: Deregulated cell cycle progression and loss of proliferation control are key properties of malignant cells. In previous studies, an interactive transcript abundance index (ITAI) comprising three cell cycle control genes, [MYC × E2F1]/p21 accurately distinguished normal from malignant bronchial epithelial cells (BEC), using a cut-off threshold of 7,000. This cut-off is represented by a line with a slope of 7,000 on a bivariate plot of p21 versus [MYC × E2F1], with malignant BEC above the line and normal BEC below the line. This study was an effort to better quantify, at the transcript abundance level, the difference between normal and malignant BEC. The hypothesis was tested that experimental elevation of p21 in a malignant BEC line would decrease the value of the [MYC × E2F1]/p21 ITAI to a level below this line, resulting in loss of immortality and limited cell population doubling capacity. In order to test the hypothesis, a p21 expression vector was transfected into the A549 human bronchogenic carcinoma cell line, which has low constitutive p21 TA expression relative to normal BEC. RESULTS: Following transfection of p21, four A549/p21 clones with stable two-fold up-regulated p21 expression were isolated and expanded. For each clone, the increase in p21 transcript abundance (TA) was associated with increased total p21 protein level, more than 5-fold reduction in E2F1 TA, and 10-fold reduction in the [MYC × E2F1]/p21 ITAI to a value below the cut-off threshold. These changes in regulation of cell cycle control genes were associated with restoration of cell proliferation control. Specifically, each transfectant was capable of only 15 population doublings compared with unlimited population doublings for parental A549. This change was associated with an approximate 2-fold increase in population doubling time to 38.4 hours (from 22.3 hrs), resumption of contact-inhibition, and reduced dividing cell fraction as measured by flow cytometric DNA analysis. CONCLUSION: These results, likely due to increased p21-mediated down-regulation of E2F1 TA at the G1/S phase transition, are consistent with our hypothesis. Specifically, they provide experimental confirmation that a line with slope of 7,000 on the p21 versus [MYC × E2F1] bivariate plot quantifies the difference between normal and malignant BEC at the level of transcript abundance

In-Situ Wave Observations in the High Resolution Air-Sea Interaction DRI

Long-term goals: Ocean wave prediction models, based on a spectral energy balance, are widely used to obtain wind- wave forecasts and hindcasts on global and regional scales (e.g., Komen et al., 1994). However, these inherently stochastic models assume a Gaussian and homogeneous sea state and thus do not describe the nonlinear instability processes that can dramatically alter the structure of wave groups and produce anomalously large waves, also known as ‘freak’ or ‘rogue’ waves (e.g., Janssen, 2003). Fully deterministic modeling capabilities are now becoming available that incorporate these nonlinear effects and provide the detailed phase-resolved sea surface predictions needed in many applications. Concurrent with the development of new models, advances in radar remote sensing techniques are enabling the detailed observation of the sea surface on the scales of wave groups and individual waves. The long-term goal of this research is to test these emerging new models and measurement technologies in realistic sea states and use them to better understand and predict the wave group structure and occurrence of extreme waves in the ocean.N0001409WR20007N00014091034

The Putative Liquid-Liquid Transition is a Liquid-Solid Transition in Atomistic Models of Water

We use numerical simulation to examine the possibility of a reversible liquid-liquid transition in supercooled water and related systems. In particular, for two atomistic models of water, we have computed free energies as functions of multiple order parameters, where one is density and another distinguishes crystal from liquid. For a range of temperatures and pressures, separate free energy basins for liquid and crystal are found, conditions of phase coexistence between these phases are demonstrated, and time scales for equilibration are determined. We find that at no range of temperatures and pressures is there more than a single liquid basin, even at conditions where amorphous behavior is unstable with respect to the crystal. We find a similar result for a related model of silicon. This result excludes the possibility of the proposed liquid-liquid critical point for the models we have studied. Further, we argue that behaviors others have attributed to a liquid-liquid transition in water and related systems are in fact reflections of transitions between liquid and crystal