Psychological and Biological Foundations of Time Preference - Evidence from a Day Reconstruction Study with Biological Tracking

This paper considers the relationship between the economic concept of time preference and relevant concepts from psychology and biology. Using novel data from a time diary study conducted in Ireland that combined detailed psychometric testing with medical testing and real-time bio-tracking, we examine the distribution of a number of psychometric measures linked to the economic concept of time preferences and test the extent to which these measures form coherent clusters and the degree to which these clusters are related to underlying biological substrates. The paper finds that financial discounting is related to a range of psychological variables including consideration of future consequences, self-control, conscientiousness, extraversion, and experiential avoidance as well as being predicted by heart rate variability and blood pressure.

Psychological and Biological Foundations of Time Preference: Evidence from a Day Reconstruction Study with Biological Tracking

This paper considers the relationship between the economic concept of time preference and relevant concepts from psychology and biology. Using novel data from a time diary study conducted in Ireland that combined detailed psychometric testing with medical testing and realtime bio-tracking, we examine the distribution of a number of psychometric measures linked to the economic concept of time preferences and test the extent to which these measures form coherent clusters and the degree to which these clusters are related to underlying biological substrates. The paper finds that financial discounting is related to a range of psychological variables including consideration of future consequences, self-control, conscientiousness, extraversion, and experiential avoidance as well as being predicted by heart rate variability and blood pressure.

Singles Need Not Apply: Evangelical Church Responses Reveal Longer Response Latencies to Requests of Single Adults

For single Christians over the age of twenty-five, finding support and acceptance within the church can be a very high hurdle to cross. While the church as a whole promotes itself as a place of acceptance, it is rare to find a church with activities focused toward single persons older than college age. Attempts by single persons to become involved in different facets of discipleship, service, and ministry are not always well received. In a preliminary uncontrolled study the results suggested that the church may have a bias against single adults. The present study considers whether the church operates with bias in favor of couples and families and against single adults. By studying how churches react to and handle requests from single adults to become involved in the church, the possibility of intended and unintended biases can be revealed. Data was collected from 36 churches located in a metropolitan community in the Pacific Northwest by confederates posing as married or single adults requesting assistance in locating a cell group. The amount of time needed to respond to the request for assistance was recorded for each of the conditions. These data were examined through analysis of multivariate variance (MANOV A), t-tests, and post hoc comparisons. Married people had response latencies averaging 34 hours. Never-married women had a mean response latency of 62.1 hours. Responses for single mothers had a mean of 140.6 hours. For single men response latencies had a mean of 318.8 hours. Analysis of variance results show that church size was not a predictor of response latencies and the response latencies for all conditions were consistent. These results are highly significant despite underestimating response latencies for single mothers and single men due to truncation. These results indicate a significantly slower response by the churches to requests from single adults, and underscore the extent of the biases experienced by single adults. Data from this study may be very beneficial in helping the church re-evaluate its approach toward single adults. Anecdotally, it appears that single mothers are viewed as a potential drain on the church\u27s resources. Similar anecdotes suggest single men are viewed as potential sexual predators searching for women or children. These attitudes toward single adults may be an underlying origin for the biases expressed toward the single adult population. Results of the study are consistent with the notion that church are interested in families as their primary constituents and seldom consider single adults unless they are never-married women. Unfortunately, there appears to be very little room at the inn for single mothers and single men

Psychological and Biological Foundations of Time Preference: Evidence from a Day Reconstruction Study with Biological Tracking

This paper considers the relationship between the economic concept of time preference and relevant concepts from psychology and biology. Using novel data from a time diary study conducted in Ireland that combined detailed psychometric testing with medical testing and real-time bio-tracking, we examine the distribution of a number of psychometric measures linked to the economic concept of time preferences and test the extent to which these measures form coherent clusters and the degree to which these clusters are related to underlying biological substrates. The paper finds that financial discounting is related to a range of psychological variables including consideration of future consequences, self-control, conscientiousness, extraversion, and experiential avoidance as well as being predicted by heart rate variability and blood pressure.time preferences, day reconstruction study, economics and psychology, economics and biology

An Archeological Survey of a Realignment of the Proposed Wateree-Orangeburg 230 KV Transmission Line and an Archeological Testing Program for 38CL29, 38CL37 and 38CL41

https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/1169/thumbnail.jp

An Archeological Survey and Testing Program Along Six Mile Creek, Lexington County, South Carolina

An archeological survey for the proposed sewage system improvements project by the Town of Springdale located 18 archeological sites. The survey involved an on-the-ground inspection of a 50 foot wide corridor along Six Mile Creek in the Sand Hills region of central South Carolina. Eleven of the sites represent prehistoric occupation: Early and Middle Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian periods. Nineteenth and twentieth century homesites, a quarry, and an old roadbed were recorded also. These sites are interpreted and evaluated with reference to a predictive model. Four of the sites which will be directly impacted by the proposed sewer line construction were recommended for a subsurface testing program. A determination of eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places is recommended for one of these sites, 38LX2l4, based on the results of the testing program. No additional archeological testing within the right-of-way is recommended for sites 38LX225, 38LX228, and 38LX229. However, avoidance of these sites and even other sites, which adjoin the right-of-way and thus may experience adverse impacts by construction related activities, is recommended.https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/1154/thumbnail.jp

Performance and Behavior of Early-Weaned Pigs in Hoop Structures

A series of six trials involving a total of 1,440 crossbred nursery pigs (6.7–kg initial wt) was conducted at two Iowa State University research farms from December 1999 to August 2000. Three small–scale hoop structures (6.0 . 10.8 m) were divided lengthwise to form two pens (3.0 . 4.5 m) per building for a total of six pens. Six pens (1.7 . 4.0 m) in a mechanically ventilated confinement nursery with slatted floors were used for comparison with the hoop structure pens for each 5–week trial. The hoop pens were equipped with hovers and heat lamps for the winter and spring trials. In each trial, 240 crossbred nursery pigs were weaned at 18 to 22 days old and allotted by weight and litter to one of the six pens found in either the hoop (n = 120) or confinement (n = 120) nursery facility. Four commercial diets were fed in both housing systems in phase for the duration of each trial. During the first 2–week postweaning, the pigs in hoop structures grew 23% slower (P \u3c 0.001) and consumed 23% less feed (P \u3c 0.001) than the pigs in confinement. Both housing systems had similar Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), and Gain:Feed (G:F) for the last 2 weeks of the trial (p \u3e 0.10). As expected, the performance parameters (ADG, ADFI, G:F) were affected by the building and season interaction during each 35–day trial. In all seasons, the hoop pigs’ ADG and ADFI were less than the confinement pigs for the first 2–week postweaning (P \u3c 0.05). During the winter, overall (5 weeks), the pigs in hoop structures grew 5% slower and consumed 9% less feed, but were 5% more efficient converting feed to live weight gain than the pigs in confinement (P \u3c 0.05). In the spring, the pigs in hoop structures grew 7% slower (P \u3c 0.05), consumed 6% less feed (P \u3c 0.05), and had similar feed efficiencies (P \u3e 0.05) as the pigs in confinement during the 5–week trial. During the summer, the pigs in hoop structures grew similarly (P \u3e 0.05), consumed 6% less feed (P \u3c 0.05), and were 8% more efficient (P \u3c 0.05) than the pigs in confinement for the 5–week trial. Bedded hoop structures have not been widely studied as a cold nursery facility during the colder months. The results suggest that older, heavier pigs may perform better when placed directly into a cold facility such as a hoop structure. Further trials with adjustments made to the bedding, heat source, hovers, feeders, and management may improve the growth performance