Influence of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz and nevirapine) on the pharmacodynamic activity of gliclazide in animal models

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Type 2 diabetes may occur as a result of HIV infection and/or its treatment. Gliclazide is a widely used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Efavirenz and nevirapine are widely used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection. The role of Efavirenz and nevirapine on the pharmacodynamic activity of gliclazide is not currently known. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of oral administration of efavirenz and nevirapine on blood glucose and investigate their effect on the activity of gliclazide in rats (normal and diabetic) and rabbits to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the combination.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Studies in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats were conducted with oral doses of 2 mg/kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 54 mg/kg bd. wt. of efavirenz or 18 mg/kg bd. wt. of nevirapine and their combination with adequate washout periods in between treatments. Studies in normal rabbits were conducted with 5.6 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 42 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of efavirenz or 14 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of nevirapine and their combination given orally. Blood samples were collected at regular time intervals in rats from retro orbital puncture and by marginal ear vein puncture in rabbits. All the blood samples were analysed for blood glucose by GOD/POD method.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Efavirenz and nevirapine alone have no significant effect on the blood glucose level in rats and rabbits. Gliclazide produced hypoglycaemic/antidiabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity at 2 h and 8 h and hypoglycaemic activity in normal rabbits at 3 h. In combination, efavirenz reduced the effect of gliclazide in rats and rabbits, and the reduction was more significant with the single dose administration of efavirenz than multiple dose administration. In combination, nevirapine has no effect on the activity of gliclazide in rats and rabbits.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Thus, it can be concluded that the combination of efavirenz and gliclazide may need dose adjustment and care should be taken when the combination is prescribed for their clinical benefit in diabetic patients. The combination of nevirapine and gliclazide was safe. However, further studies are warranted.</p

Posterior to anterior migration of a large optic fragment in a pseudophakic eye

Objective: To report a curious case of a posteriorly dislocated large optic fragment that migrated anteriorly to the anterior chamber through a well-positioned scleral-fixated intraocular lens (SFIOL) and intact pupil.Methods: Single case report.Results: The large optic fragment was removed successfully in the operating room.Conclusions: While eyes with a posteriorly-displaced lens or IOL remnants may occasionally be observed without intervention, these patients should be monitored closely

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Not AvailableThe present study was aimed to optimize conditions of anther culture and production of doubled haploids of a popular rice hybrid, KRH-2. Immature panicles collected from field grown donor plants were pre-treated at 8°C for eight days and plated on four different basic media for callus induction with different hormonal concentrations and supplements. N6 media with maltose as the carbon source, supplemented with 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.5 mg L-1 of kinetin and 10 mg L-1 of silver nitrate (designated as N6-4 medium) was found to give the highest callus induction (22.4%). The compact calli, which were transferred to MS regeneration medium supplemented with 2.5 mg L-1 of benzyl amino purine (BAP), 0.5 mg L-1 of kinetin and 1.5 mg L-1 of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) recorded a good regeneration (25.4%). A total of 125 stable, doubled haploid lines (DHLs) were produced through spontaneous doubling of KRH-2 microspores. The lines showed significant variability with respect to key agro-morphological traitsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableBiotechnological tools like molecular markers can add precision to breeding and accelerate breeding efforts. Towards this objective, our research team at ICAR-IIRR has applied marker-assisted breeding (MAB) for improvement of multiple traits like resistance against bacterial blight, blast, gall midge and BPH, heterosis related traits, improvement of low soil P tolerance, grain quality and yield. Through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB), a high-yielding, bacterial blight resistant rice variety possessing fine-grain type and low glycemic index (GI), named Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM) has been developed and released for cultivation by farmers. MABB has also been applied for improving bacterial blight resistance of a few important traditional and evolved Basmati rice varieties and hybrid rice parental lines. A novel bacterial blight resistance gene, Xa33 has been identified from an accession of the wild rice, O. nivara, fine-mapped and transferred into several elite genetic backgrounds. Novel sources of resistance against bacterial blight and blast diseases have been identified and characterized and major blast resistance have been transferred to several elite genetic backgrounds and a major QTL associated with neck blast resistance has been identified from wild rice. Additionally, genepyramid lines possessing resistance against gall midge have also been developed and a novel and highly effective BPH resistance gene has also been identified and mapped with molecular marker and few promising donors possessing resistance against sheath blight have been identified. A molecular marker-based assay has been designed for rapid and accurate determination of impurities in seed-lots of rice hybrids and their parental lines and functional markers have been developed for the traits relevant to hybrid rice, viz., wide-compatibility, wild-abortive cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. Functional markers have also been developed for major grain quality determining genes, fgr and GS3 and a major QTL controlling gelatinization temperature has been identified through molecular mapping. The major QTL responsible for low soil phosphorus (P) tolerance, viz., Pup1 has been transferred to Improved Samba Mahsuri, MTU1010 and IR64 and novel, non-Pup1 type donors have been identified for the trait. Four major yield enhancing genes, viz., Gn1a, SCM2, OsSPL14 and GW5 have been transferred to elite rice cultivars, viz., Improved Samba Mahsuri, Swarna, MTU1010 and NDR359.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableBiotechnological tools like molecular markers can add precision to breeding and accelerate breeding efforts. Towards this objective, our research team at ICAR-IIRR has applied marker-assisted breeding (MAB) for improvement of multiple traits like resistance against bacterial blight, blast, gall midge and BPH, heterosis related traits, improvement of low soil P tolerance, grain quality and yield. Through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB), a high-yielding, bacterial blight resistant rice variety possessing fine-grain type and low glycemic index (GI), named Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM) has been developed and released for cultivation by farmers. MABB has also been applied for improving bacterial blight resistance of a few important traditional and evolved Basmati rice varieties and hybrid rice parental lines. A novel bacterial blight resistance gene, Xa33 has been identified from an accession of the wild rice, O. nivara, fine-mapped and transferred into several elite genetic backgrounds. Novel sources of resistance against bacterial blight and blast diseases have been identified and characterized and major blast resistance have been transferred to several elite genetic backgrounds and a major QTL associated with neck blast resistance has been identified from wild rice. Additionally, genepyramid lines possessing resistance against gall midge have also been developed and a novel and highly effective BPH resistance gene has also been identified and mapped with molecular marker and few promising donors possessing resistance against sheath blight have been identified. A molecular marker-based assay has been designed for rapid and accurate determination of impurities in seed-lots of rice hybrids and their parental lines and functional markers have been developed for the traits relevant to hybrid rice, viz., wide-compatibility, wild-abortive cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. Functional markers have also been developed for major grain quality determining genes, fgr and GS3 and a major QTL controlling gelatinization temperature has been identified through molecular mapping. The major QTL responsible for low soil phosphorus P tolerance, viz., Pup1 has been transferred to Improved Samba Mahsuri, MTU1010 and IR64 and novel, non-Pup1 type donors have been identified for the trait. Four major yield enhancing genes, viz., Gn1a, SCM2, OsSPL14 and GW5 have been transferred to elite rice cultivars, viz., Improved Samba Mahsuri, Swarna, MTU1010 and NDR359.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe major wide-compatibility gene locus S5 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) located on chromosome 6 has been recently cloned and a 136-bp deletion in the candidate gene encoding aspartyl protease has been characterized to be specific for wide-compatible varieties, while many single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified at S5 between indica and japonica rice types. In the present study, we designed a PCR-based multiplex functional marker system targeting the deletion and the SNPs for precise determination of the allelic status at S5. By deploying the marker system, the allelic status at the S5 locus in 584 rice genotypes has been assayed. A total of 116 genotypes, including 11 cultivars, two known wide-compatible varieties, 48 IRRI germplasm lines, 12 Indian aromatic rice genotypes, 37 restorer lines and six breeding lines, have been identified to possess the 136-bp deletion specific for the neutral allele at S5. The marker system was able to clearly distinguish indica and japonica alleles from the neutral allele and has been validated in a mapping population derived from the three-way cross IR36/Dular//Akihikari, which segregated for spikelet sterility/fertility. The functional marker system targeting S5 developed in the present study will be very useful in rapid identification of wide-compatible genotypes, in predicting the success of inter-subspecific crosses and in targeted introgression of the wide-compatible allele of S5 into elite indica and japonica rice varieties.Not Availabl