Resistensi Lalat Rumah, Musca Domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) Dari Empat Kota Di Indonesia Terhadap Permetrin Dan Propoksur

House flies (Musca domestica Linnaeus) is one of the common urban pests causing health, economics, and aesthetics problems. Although intensive control by using inseticides are carried out, there are reports of control failures, which are probably due to insect resistance. Bioassay tests with topical application to study the status as well as resistance mechanism of house flies collected from the city of Jakarta (JKT), Bandung (BDG), Yogyakarta (YGY) and Surabaya (SBY) to pyrethroid (permethrin) and carbamate (propoxur) insecticides were carried out. The results show that, as compared to the most susceptible strain (YGY), we found that BDG strain is highly resistant to permethrin with resistance ratio (RR) of 133.7 fold. SBY strain was the most resistant to propoxur with RR of 38.36 fold, followed by Bandung strain with RR of 18.22 fold. The addition of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to either permethrin or propoxur in most of the strains caused a decrease in LD50 values and increasing the synergist ratio (SR) suggesting that the detoxifying enzyme mixed function oxidase (MFO) played an important role in the development of resistance to permethrin and propoxur. Our study is the first report of M. domestica resistance to permethrin and propoxur in Indonesia

Diversity, Potentiality, and Conservation Status of Fish Fauna in the Upper Mahakam's Tributaries, East Kalimantan

Diversity, potentiality and conservation status of fish fauna in upper Mahakam's tributaries of east Kalimantan is unknown. The purposes of this study were to analysis species diversity, determine potentiality and conservation status of fish fauna in upper Mahakam's tributaries, east Kalimantan. Fish sampling with purposive method was conducted in four tributaries, i.e Tepai River, Pahangai River, Danum Parai River, and Meraseh River for one month. Fishes were collected by several gears type. The results of this research showed that the total number of fish caught was 820 individuals; consist of 26 species, 7 families, and 4 orders. The Cyprinidae was the most dominant family found in all tributaries. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in four tributaries were varied and ranging from 1.749-2.087. The highest fish diversity was recorded at Maraseh River followed by Pahangai River, Danum Parai River, and Tepai River. The low fish diversity was discovered at Tepai River may be due to differences in substrate type, water velocity, and water depth as compared to the Maraseh River, Pahangai River, Danum Parai River. The fish species similarity coefficient between four tributaries ranged from 0.606-0.842 and the highest dissimilarity was found between Tepai River and Danum Parai River. Almost all fishes categorized as edible fish for local consumption. Syncrossus hymenophysa and Gastromyzon lepidogaster have potential as ornamental fish. Regarding IUCN red list status, six fish species were grouped into least concern status, two species as data deficient, one species as near threatened, one species as endangered species and 16 other species were not on the list

Keanekaragaman Odonata di Kawasan Bendungan Lempake, Sungai Karang Mumus dan Sungai Berambai Samarinda

Knowledge of the diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) is very important for river management which is used for various purposes by humans. This research aims to determine the diversity of Odonata in the waters of Bendungan Lempake, Karang Mumus River, and Berambai River Samarinda. Sampling was done by using purposive sampling technique through insect net with transect method along with the river flow, 5 times at each location for one month in the morning and evening. The samples obtained were prepared, stored on triangular paper containing camphor, and identified using entomological guidelines. Environmental temperature, humidity, and acidity of the water are calculated using standard measurement tools. Data is displayed in the form of the number of types and a description of each type. The results showed that 1025 individual dragonflies were found belonging to 22 species and 4 families of Odonata. The diversity index value (H') of dragonflies in the waters of the Bendungan Lempake is 2.83, the Karang Mumus River is 2.52 and the Berambai River is 2.53, which are classified as a medium category. The conclusion of this research is that the waters of Bendungan Lempake, Karang Mumus River, and Berambai River are still supporting as habitat for dragonflies to live and breed

Some Reproductive Biology Aspects of Bonylip Barb (Osteochilus Vittatus Valenciennes, 1842) in the Waters of Benanga Reservoir, East Kalimantan

Bonylip barb (Osteochilus vittatus Valenciennes, 1842) that belongs to the Cyprinidae family is one of the native freshwater fishes in Indonesian waters. Currently, status of this species in Benanga Reservoir, East Kalimantan is in over-exploited. Fish resources management, therefore, is needed to maintained fish stock in the reservoir based on fish reproductive biology aspects. The purpose of this study was to analyze some aspects of the reproductive biology including sex-ratio, gonad maturity, length at first gonad maturity, spawning season, fecundity, and spawning patterns as basic information for its management. Fish collection was carried out monthly on the third week from January to May 2019 at three stations. The fish samples were captured by using experimental gill nets with mesh size of 1; 1.5; 2; and 3 inches. A total of 278 bonylip barb was caught, consist of 92 males and 186 females. Sex ratio of male and female in the gonad mature stage was 1: 2.4. The average length at first gonad maturity in male and female were 136.08 mm and 137.38 mm, respectively. Peak of spawning occurs during the rainy season in May, with more than 90% of fish in mature stage with GSI in male and female were 6.88%, 13.16% respectively. Total fecundity ranged from 7312-22923 eggs individual-1 and egg diameter ranged from 0.6-1.94 mm. According to distribution of egg diameter, bonylip barb was categoried as a total spawner. Some management strategies that can be carried out are using fishing gears with mesh size above 2 inches, limiting fishing activities in the peak of the spawning season, prohibiting fishing gear using electric shocker and protection the reservoir from erosion