Preliminary study of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in gallbladder cancer in Indian patients manuscript id: 8962091628764582

BACKGROUND: The inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene and activation of the proto-oncogene are the key steps in the development of the human cancer. The p53 and c-erbB-2 are the best examples of it. In the present study, our aim was to determine the role of these genes in the carcinogenesis of gallbladder by immunohistochemistry. METHODS: In all 78 consecutive patients of gall bladder diseases were studied for p53 and c-erbB-2 expression immunohistochemically and their expression was correlated with the age, grades and stages of the disease and presence of stone. An informed consent was obtained in each case. Chi square and z test were applied to see the association of p53 and c-erbB-2 over expression with other clinicopathological factors. RESULTS: Eight (20%) patients of gall bladder cancer were positive for p53 expression and 10 (25%) patients for c-erbB-2. The p53 positivity increased with increasing grade while cerbB-2 positivity decreased with increasing grade of gall bladder cancer. Mean age in cerbB-2 positive cases were lesser as compared to negative cases while p53 did not show such association with age. CONCLUSION: Only one case of gall bladder cancer co-expressed the p53 and c-erbB-2, thereby suggesting that p53 and c-erbB-2 may have independent role in carcinogenesis of gall bladder cancer. c-erbB-2 over expression in adenoma and younger age group indicates its role as an early event in carcinogenesis of gallbladder. However study of larger sample is required to further validate the results

Nd:YAG Laser Treatment of Early Stage Carcinoma of the Penis Preserves Form and Function of Penis

We analysed the results of penis-preserving (conservative) treatment of early stage cancer of the penis with neodymium: yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser with long-term follow-up in a developing country. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 32 patients with cancer penis from 1993 to 2005 who were treated by Nd:YAG laser local excision and in situ coagulation of the tumour bed. Results: Out of 32 patients who were treated with Nd:YAG laser, 25 had pT1 and seven had pT2 stage cancer penis. The median follow-up was 70 months (range, 6-120 months). Two had stopped attending the follow-up clinic after 6-12 months. Three patients had concurrent and six had delayed inguinal block dissection. There was no mortality but two (6.25%) patients developed recurrence in 48-60 months post laser excision. Penis was preserved in all 32 patients. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic result. Eight patients practiced celibacy, in 23 sexual functions were normal and in one this information was not available. Micturition was in standing posture in all 32 patients. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that Nd:YAG laser treatment of early stage cancer penis has good local control with preservation of the penis

<span style="font-size: 22.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Comparative absorption spectroscopy involving <i><span style="font-size:26.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:19.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">4f-4f </span></i><span style="font-size:22.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:15.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">transitions to explore kinetics of complexation of Zn(II) with Er(III)-glutathione complex <span style="font-size:21.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">& <span style="font-size:22.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">compositional dependence of intensity parameters </span></span></span></span>

374-383<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">The kinetic and spectroscopic investigations on complexation of Zn(II) with <span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">Er<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">2<span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">(GSH)2(H<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">2<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">O<span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">)4 <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">I <span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">(GSH = reduced glutathione) <span style="font-size:14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">to <span style="font-size:16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">form Er2(GSH)2 Zn(H2O<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">)6 <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">complex 2 have been performed at 30°C by following Five, <span style="font-size: 15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4f-4f sensitive transitions of lanthanide Er(III), 4I15/ 2 → 4G11/2 , 4I15/ 2 → 4F17/2 <span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif""="">, <span style="font-size:16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4I15/ 2 → 2H11/2 , 4I15/ 2 → 4F7/2 , 4I15/ 2 → 2H11/2 , 4I15/ 2 → 4F9/2and 4I15/ 2 → 4I11/ 2 in water as well as in equimolar mixture of DMF and water. Performances of all the five bands were found to be competently sensitive, on the basis of kinetic studies done by following the changes in the intensity (absorbance, molar absorptivity) and intensity <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">parameters (oscillator strength <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">P <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">and Judd-Ofelt Tλ<span style="font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.5pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"=""> intensity). Kinetics showed first order dependence in terms of concentration s of Zn(II) and complex 1 on the rate of formation of complex 2. In order to support the kinetic and spectroscopic observations, complex 1 and 2 were synthesized also, and were characterized by C, H, N, S, and elemental <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">analysis: UV /V IS, NMR and IR techniques. Kinetic, mechanistic and spectroscopic aspects of the complexation reaction <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">are presented and discussed. </span

Long-term follow-up results of Nd: YAG laser treatment of premalignant and malignant (Stage I) squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity

Only few studies (none from India) have reported the role of Neodymium Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd: YAG) laser for treatment of premalignant and stage I (T1N0M0) oral cancer. This study aimed to assess the outcome of Nd: YAG laser in the said lesions after a follow-up of 5 years. Prospective study; a tertiary care hospital, North India. Fifty biopsy proven patients of premalignant/malignant (Stage I) lesions oral cavity underwent Nd: YAG laser treatment after prior informed consent from January, 1997 to January, 2000. Patients were followed-up for 5 years. In addition to local recurrence, patient's mucosal response to laser in terms of pain, mastication, salivation, paraesthesias, facial expressions, and speech was also recorded. Twenty-seven patients had leukoplakia, 3 erythroplakia, 6 carcinoma in situ (CIS), and 14 stage I squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of oral cavity. Four patients required repeat laserization for residual/ recurrent lesion and 15 patients were lost to follow-up. Recurrence free survival (RFS) at 5-years in premalignant and stage I SCC patients was 97.2 and 78.6%, respectively. A minimal persistent edema was observed in 6 (12%) patients at the end of 7th day, rest all tolerated the procedure well. The present study indicates that Nd: YAG laser is an effective and safe surgical option management of premalignant and malignant lesions of oral cavity

Expression profile of cholecystokinin type-A receptor in gallbladder cancer and gallstone disease

Regulatory peptide receptors have attracted the interest of oncologists as a new promising approach for cancer pathology, imaging and therapy. Although cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent modulator of gallbladder contractility and plays a potential role in pancreatic carcinogenesis through CCK type-A receptor (CCKAR), its role in gallbladder cancer (GBC) is still unknown and immunohistochemical detection of CCKAR in the gallbladder has not yet been reported. This novel case-control study aimed to investigate the expression profile of CCKAR in GBC and gallstone disease (GSD). This study included 162 samples of gallbladder: 94 from GBC and 68 from GSD. Expression of CCKAR was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. The results were statistically correlated with disease history including age, sex, presence of gallstone, stage and differentiation. CCKAR was positive in 30/68 (44.1%) of GSD and 72/94 (76.6%) of GBC samples. Fifty-one of the 72 (70.8%) CCKAR-positive GBC samples showed over-expression. Interestingly, consistent results also appeared in the immunoblotting study. CCKAR expression was significantly increased in GBC compared to GSD. Moreover, CCKAR expression was associated with the degree of tumor differentiation, i.e., less expression in poorly-differentiated tumors. Thus, it has future prognostic and therapeutic implications in the management of GBC

p53: its alteration and gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract. Despite the recent advancements in the understanding of cancer biology the disease still remains a therapeutic challenge with poor survival, and with early surgical resection as the only powerful treatment. Understanding the molecular events in gallbladder carcinogenesis may provide a novel targeted therapeutic approach. Of these, alterations in the tumour suppressor gene, p53, are commonly observed in most human cancers. However, its impact on the pathogenesis of GBC remains obscure. This study attempts to outline the p53 structure, function and its alterations, with special attention to GBC